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plants evolved from a green algal group called the?
charophyceans
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Many of the distinctive plant features are terrestrial adaptations. What are the 7 terrestrial adaptions for plants?
- 1.Need different aerial and subterranean specializations (live in 2 worlds)
- 2.Egg is fertilized and develops into embryo without leaving the female plant
- 3.lifecycle alternates between sporophyte (2n) and gametophyte (n)
- 4.waxy cuticle on outside of leaves
- 5.stomata
- 6.vascular tissues
- 7.plant secondary compounds
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where are the localized areas of cell divisions in plants? (where growth occurs)
apical meristems
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what is the term for multicellular diploid and multicellular haploid?
- multicellular diploid= sporophyte (2n)multicellular haploid=gametophyte (n)
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what stage in fertilization do plats have that animals don't have?
multicellular gametophyte
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which stage is dominant in primitive plants? Give an example.
- gametophyte (n) is dominant
- ex. mosses
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which stage is dominant in "advanced" group of plants? Give an example.
- sporophyte (2n) is dominant
- ex. conifers and flowering plants
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Where in a plant are haploid spores produced?
in sporangia
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where in plants are haploid gametes produced?
within gametangia
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Swimming sperm are produced in _______________.
antheridia
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______________ produce and hold one egg each.
Archegonia
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How do the sperm find the eggs in plants?
by chemotaxis
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where does they fertilization and embryo development occur in plants?
archegonia
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what is the function of waxy cuticle on outside of leaves?
lessens water loss
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what is the stomata?
"valved" openings into the leaf interior that allow gasses to enter but minimize water loss because underside of leaf
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what are the most primitive plants called?
bryophytes
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what are vascular tissues (2) and what are the 2 types?
- tubes for conducting fluids
- not found in most primitive plants
- two types: xylem and phloem
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what is the function of the xylem? what is it made out of?
- carries water and minerals upwards only
- made out of dead cells
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what is the function of the phloem? what is it made of?
- carries sugar-rich sap up or down
- made of living cells
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what are the functions of plants secondary compounds? what are 2 examples?
- defend against natural enemies by being poisonous, stinky or distasteful.
- ex. milkweed and tobacco
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what are the 4 major taxa of plants?
- bryophytes
- seedless vascular plants
- Seed plants: Gymnosperms
- seed plants: Angiosperms
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what re 5 major characteristics of bryophytes?
- most primitive plants
- avascular (no vascular tissues)
- no waxy cuticle
- gametophyte (n) is dominant
- sperm must swim to egg in archegonium
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Give examples of 2 types of bryophytes?
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why do mosses grow in clumps?
for support and it helps hold water
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Mosses contribute to a build up of partially decomposed plant material called?
peat
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give 3 characteristics of liverworts?
- lobed bodies
- reproduce asexually via gemmae
- sexual reproduction similar to mosses
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seedless vascular plants appeared in the ____________ period. (400mya)
silurian
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Seedless vascular plants are the first plants with?
lignified vascular tissues and true roots and leaves
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The seedless vascular plants are _____________ dominant.
sporophyte dominant (but still has independent gametophyte)
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what are the 2 types of modern seedless vascular plants? (2 phylum's)
- club mosses
- phylum pterophyta which include horsetails and ferns
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what stage is dominant in club mosses and they have microphylls, what are they?
- sporophyte dominant
- microphylls = small true leaves
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what are 3 characteristics about horsetails? (HINT: stem, habitat, and survival)
- stems have distinct nodes with air canals and silica
- most common in moist habitats
- now only one genus survives
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what stage are most common ferns?
sporophyte
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fern compound leaves are called?
fronds
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In ferns, sporangia are in _______ under the leaves.
sori
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Seed plants show more adaptations to a terrestrial environment, by what 2 ways?
- Gametophytes are no longer independent individuals
- seeds
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what happens to female and male gametophytes in seed plants?
- female gametophyte reduced and held within an ovule in the sporophyte
- male gametophyte become pollen
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what is the function of the pollen?
to deliver male gametes to the eggs in the ovule
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what are seeds?
baby sporophyte (2n) embryo, food supply and a protective coat (which was the ovule)
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what are the 2 main groups of seed plants?
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what does gymnosperms mean?
- "naked seed"
- seeds are not in a fruit
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when did gymnosperms become diverse?
became diverse when climate dried after the carboniferous
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what are the 3 modern gymnosperms phyla?
- ginkos= fan shaped leaves
- cycads= resemble palms
- conifers= most diverse (trees with cones)
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what are the 3 dry adaptations the conifers made?
- needle-shaped leaves with thick waxy cuticle
- smaller surface to volume ratio
- stomata in pits
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what stage are conifers most seen?
sporophyte
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where are the sporangia on conifers?
separate male and female cones
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Describe the fertilization of conifers.
- pollen from male cone is blown by wind to female cone
- pollen tube grows into ovule
- fertilization (2n embryo grows)
- ovule becomes seed (gametophyte becomes food)
- female cones open and seeds fall away
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what are the male and female parts of a flower?
- male: stamen which includes anther and filament
- female: carpel which have stigma, style and ovary
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what part of the flower produces the pollen and what is the function of the stigma?
- anther produces pollen
- stigma catches pollen
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what is the function of the ovary and petal?
- ovary protects ovules
- petal attracts pollinators
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what is the sepal?
modified small leaves
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grasses are in a group that are ________ pollinated.
wind
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how are fruits formed and what is it's function?
- fruits formed from ripened ovary
- function is to aid in dispersal
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what are the 3 types of fruits? Describe them.
- simple fruits: develop from single ovary (ex. apple)
- aggregate fruits: several ovaries from one flower (ex. raspberry)
- multiple fruits: formed from several separate flowers (ex. pineapple)
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what are the 5 innovations of angiosperms?
- flowers
- many use animals for transferring pollen
- fruits
- more vascular tissues than gymnosperms
- pollen grain contains 2 haploid nuclei
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what are the steps of fertilization for angiosperms?
- pollen lands on stigma
- pollen tube grows down ovaries (by chemotoaxis)
- 2 sperm cells enter an ovule (double fertilization)
- one fertilizes the egg to form zygote
- other fuses with 2 haploid cells to produce 3n endosperm
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what is the function of endosperm?
multiplies to form food for the embryo
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define cotyledon.
embryonic first leaf
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how does the mutualism between plants and pollinators work?
- plants give pollen (proteins and nutrients) and nectar to pollinators
- pollinators transport the pollen
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Describe monocots based on theses features: cotyledon, stem, leaf, flowers pars, roots
- one cotyledon
- vascular bundles scattered in stem
- leaf veins form parallel pattern
- flower petals in 3's and multiples of 3
- fibrous roots (many small roots together)
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Describe eudicots based on theses features: cotyledon, stem, leaf, flowers pars, roots
- two cotyledons
- vascular bundles on a distinct ring in stems
- leaf veins form a net pattern
- flower parts in 4's or 5's
- taproot (one long root many roots from that)
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