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The idea of Atoms
The idea of atoms has been around since the time of the anicent Greeks. In the nineteenth century, John Dalton propsed a scientific theory of atoms that can still be used to explain properties of most chemicals today.
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Law of Conservation of Mass
States that mass is neither created nor destoryed during ordinary chemical reactions or physical changes.
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Law of Definite Proportions
States that s chemical compound contains the same elements in exactly the same proportions by mass regardless of the size of the sample or source of the compound.
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Law of Multiple Proportions
States that if two or more different compounds are composed of the same two elements, then the ratio of the masses of the second element combined with a certain mass of the first element is always a ratio of small whole numbers.
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Dalton's Atomic Theory
- 1. All matter is composed of extremely small particles called atoms.
- 2. Atoms of a given element are identical in size, mass, and other properties; atoms of different elements differ in size, mass, and other properties.
- 3.Atoms cannont be subdivided, created, or destroyed.
- 4. Atoms of different elements combine in simple whole number ratios to form chemical compounds.
- 5. In chemical reactions, atoms are combined, seperated, or rearranged.
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Modern Atomic Theory
Atoms are divisible into even smaller particles (subatomic particles; protons, neutrons, and electrons). Elements can have atoms with different masses.
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Atom is based on
Atom is based on the Greek word meaning "indivisble."
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Rutherford
Rutherford found evidence for the existence of the atomic nucleus by bombarding metal foil witha beam of positively charged particles. (He discovered protons).
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Thomson
The cathode ray tube supplied evidence of the existence of electrons, which are negatively charged subatomic particles that have relatively little mass.
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Atom
The smallest particle of an element that retains the chemical properties of that element.
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Subatomic Particles
Protons: +
Electrons: -
Neutrons: Neutral
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Milikan
Further proved that electrons were negatively charged.
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Atomic Nucleus
Atomic nucleus are made up of protons and neutrons.
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Atomic Number
The atomic number of an element is equal to the number of protons of an atom of that element.
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Isotopes Charge Positive
If the atoms lose e- =positive charge (cation).
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Isotopes Charge Negative
If the atoms gain an e- = negative charge (anion).
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Isotopes
Isotopes are atoms of the same element that have different masses. The isotopes of an element have the same number of protons and electrons but different number of neutrons.
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Mass Number
The mass number is the total number of protons and neutrons that make up the nucleus of an isotope.
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Average Atomic Mass
Average atomic mass is the weighted average of the atomic masses of the natrually occuring isotopes of an element.
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The Mole
The mole is the SI unit for an amount of a substance.
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Avogadro's Number
The number of particles in a mole can be expressed; 6.022 x 1023
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Molar Mass
The mass of one mole of a pure substance is called the molar mass of a substance.
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Nuclide
A general term for a specific isotope of an element.
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Atomic Mass Unit
1 amu is exactly 1/12 the mass of a carbon-12 atom.
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Periodic Table
- Horzontial; periods
- vertical; groups, similiar characterstics
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