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BIOL Chapter 4
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Organic molecules consisting of only carbon and hydrogen are known as:
Hydrocarbons
What are isomers:
compounds that have the same number of atoms of the same element but different structures and properties
What are the 3 types of isomers?
Structural Isomers
Cis-Trans Isomers
Enantiomers
What are the 7 chemical groups most important to life?
Hydroxyl
Carbonyl
Carboxyl
Amino
Sulfhydryl
Phosphate
Methyl groups
Hydroxyl group structure:
-OH
Single Bond
Carbonyl group structure:
>CO
Double Bond between Carbon and Oxygen
Carboxyl group structure:
-COOH
Double bond between oxygen and carbon
Amino group structure:
-NH
2
Both single bonds
Sulfhydryl group structure:
-SH
Single bond
Phosphate group structure:
-OPO
3
2-
3 single bonds and 1 double bond
Methyl group structure:
-CH
3
All single bonds
Hydroxyl group compounds:
Alcohols
(specific names usually end with -ol)
Carbonyl group compounds:
Ketones (if carbonyl group is within skeleton)
Aldehydes (if carbonyl group is at the end of skeleton)
Carboxyl group compounds:
Carboxylic acids or Organic acids
Amino group compounds:
Amines
Sulfhydryl group compounds:
Thiols
Phosphate group compounds:
Organic Phosphates
Methyl group compounds:
Methylated compounds
Functional properties of Hydroxyl group:
Polar
Can form hydrogen bonds
Functional properties of Carbonyl group:
Ketone and aldehyde may be structural isomers with different properties
Ketone and aldehyde groups are found in sugars
Functional properties of Carboxyl group:
Acts as an acid; can donate H
+
because the covalent bond between C and O
Found in cells in the ionized form with the charge of -1
Functional properties of Amino group:
Acts as a base
Found in cells in the ionized form with a charge of +1
Functional properties of Sulfhydryl group:
Two sulfhydryl groups can react, forming a covalent bond
Cross linking of cysteines in hair proteins maintains the curliness or straightness of hair
Functional properties of Phosphate group:
Contributes negative charge to the molecule (-2 when at the end and -1 when its located internally)
Molecules containing phosphate groups have the potential to react with water, releasing energy (ATP)
Functional properties of Methyl group:
Addition of Methyl group to DNA affects expression of genes
Arrangement of methyl groups in male and female sex hormones affects their shape and function
Author
Gueza
ID
259070
Card Set
BIOL Chapter 4
Description
Carbon
Updated
1/29/2014, 7:51:45 PM
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