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Antony von Leeuwehoek
- 1. Dutch Textile Merchant
- 2. Saw "animalcules" in water
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Who are the two men accredited with inventing the microscope?
- Antony von Leeuwehoek
- Robert Hooke
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Robert Hooke
- 1. Described a "microscopical mushroom" (bread mold)
- 2. used the word "cells"
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When was the microscope invented?
1674
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Spontaneous Generation
The concept that living things arise from non-living matter
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Biogenesis
The concept that life comes from pre-existing life
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Francesco Redi
- 1668
- demonstrated that maggots on rotting meat came from eggs on the meat, not the meat
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What did Francesco Redi's experiment consist of?
- 3 Jars with meat in them
- 1 closed, 1 open, and 1 with mesh
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John Needham
- 1749
- Boiled broth, cooled it, and sealed it
- supported Spontaneous Generation theory
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Father Spallanzani
- 1776
- contradicted Needham's results
- Boiled broth longer and sealed completely while hot
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Why was Father Spallanzani's experiment questioned?
It was thought that boiling destroyed a "vital force"
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Louis Pasteur
- 1895
- Cotton Plug experiment
- Swan Neck Flask experiment
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What was Louis Pasteur's cotton plug experiment?
Pasteur proved there were bacteria in the air by filtering air through a cotton plug and looking at it's microbes
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What was Louis Pasteur's Swan-Neck flask experiment?
Boiled brother in Swan-Neck flasks. The broth was still exposed to the air, but no bacteria grew inside
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Why were Louis Pasteur's experiments difficult to replicate?
No one knew of endospores, and the different broths used sometimes had endospores
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Endospore
Heat-resistant bacteria
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Father of modern microbiology
Louis Pasteur
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Credited with Biogenesis theory
Louis Pasteur
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John Tyndall
Proved that certain broths contained heat-resistant bacteria
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Ferdinand Cohn
- German Botanist
- Discovered endospores
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Name 4 applications of Microbiology
- Food production
- Biodegradation
- Commercial Product Production
- Biotechnology
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Name 4 examples of microbiology in Food Production
- Fermentation of beer
- Fermentation of dairy products
- YeastÂ
- Pickling
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Bioremediation
Using bacteria to hasten pollutant decay
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Name 3 applications of Microbiology in Biodegradation
- Degrade PCBs, DDT, and trichlorothylene
- Clean up oil spills
- Bioremediation
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Name 3 commercial product production applications of microbiolofy
- Ethanol
- Insect Toxins
- Antibiotics
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Name an application of microbiolgy in Biotechnology
Creation of insulin
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What is a pathogen?
Disease-causing Microbes
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When was the Golden Age of Microbiology?
After the theory of Spontaneous Generation was disproved
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Germ Theory of Disease
That germs caused disease
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When were most pathogenic bacteria identified?
1875-1918
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What do we use Koch's postulates for?
To prove that certain bacteria cause specific diseases
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What is chemotherapy
Treatment with chemicals
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Who developed the first vaccine?
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What foods do we pasteurize?
Milk
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What is an emerging disease? Give examples
- Newly recognized diseases
- Swine Flue, SARS, HIV/AIDS
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What do emerging diseases continue to arise?
- Changing of lifestyles
- closer contact with animals
- evolution of diseases
- Pathogens resistant to antibiotics
- Increased travel
- weakened immune systems
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Beneficial microbes
Normal Microbiota r normal flora
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Name 3 benefits of Normal Microbiota
- Compete with pathogens and help prevent disease
- Help development of immune system response
- Aid in digestions
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What are the three domains?
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What is a prokaryote?
1+ Prokaryotic Cell(s)
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What causes a rigid cell wall in bacteria?
peptidoglycan
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What is unique about peptidoglycan?
it is only found in bacteria
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How do bacteria multiply?
Binary Fission
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What shapes do Bacteria come in?
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What is the difference between Archaea and Bacteria?
Bacteria have peptidoglycan, Archaea do not
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What is an extremophile?
A microbe that can exist in an extreme environment
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What is a halophile
an Archaea that can live in high salt concentration
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What is a Thermophile?
An archaea that can live in very high temperatures
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What does Eukaryote mean
1+ Eukaryotic cells
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What is a main difference between Eucarya and Bacteria?
Eucarya have membrane-bound organelles
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Name 4 microbial members of Eucarya
- Fungi
- Algae
- Protozoa
- Multicellular parasites (helminths)
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Which microbial member is photosynthetic
algae
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Can Algae be single celled or multicellular?
Both
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Can Fungi be single-celled or multicellular?
both
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Where do Fungi get energy from?
degradation of organic material
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Can protozoa be single-celled or multicellular?
Single-Celled
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What is the Nomenclature for microbes?
Genus Species
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What do viruses contain?
protein and either RNA or DNA
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What are infected living cells?
hosts
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What are obligate intracellular parasites?
Parasites that are inactive outside of hosts
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What do Viroids contain?
A single short piece of RNA
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What do viroids effect?
Plants
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What are prions?
infections proteins that cause neurodegenerative diseases
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What is an example of a neurodegenerative disease?
Mad Cow
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What does microscopic mean?
Can only be seen with a light microscope
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What is needed to see bacteria?
a light microscope
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What is needed to see viruses?
an electron microscope
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