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nthor
on FreezingBlue Flashcards.
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Basic research 4
- basic principles
- detailed
- invasive
- hardcore
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Correlational methods 3
- measure two variables that naturally occur
- are they related?
- example: test score and study time
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Experimental methods 3
- manipulate a variable
- assess the outcome
- example: pain ratings and amount of medication
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What is research?
Published study which addresses an empirical question
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Theory
A statement about the causal relationship between two variables
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Falsifiability
actively seeking out tests that could prove their theories wrong
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4 canons of philosophy
- 1. Determinism
- 2. Empiricism
- 3. Parsimony
- 4. Testabiltiy
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Determinism
chaos does not rule the universe, it has order and things happen for a reason
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Empiricism
Understanding through observation
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Parsimony
The best theory is a simple theory, avoid unnecessary concepts
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Testability
Theories should be testable using research techniques
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Operational definitions
Define terms of a theory in a way that can be observed and tested
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What is experimental psychology?
Scientific study of human behavior that emphasizes scientific techniques.
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When, where, and how was experimental psychology developed?
Germany, mid 1800s, sensory approach
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Illusory correlation 2
- Thinking there is a correlation when there really isn't
- example: pretty people are nicer
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Superstitious conditioning 2
- Thinking something happens because of something you do
- example: pigeons hopping on one leg and food getting dispensed
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Boundary conditions
conditions under which a theory is true or not
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Hypothesis 3
- a prediction
- derived from theories
- testable
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Induction 3
- start with observations and data, then build to general theories
- go from specific to general
- example: at the end the night at a bar, males are more attracted to females so their standards are lowered
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3 problems with induction
- 1. how do you know when you've made enough observations?
- 2. your observations may discredit your theory (Hume says you never make enough observations)
- 3. can't develop laws
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Deduction 3
- develop hypotheses from a theory
- go from general to specific
- example: no human is perfect. pat is human so he is not perfect
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3 approaches to hypothesis testing
- 1. validation
- 2. falsification
- 3. qualification
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validation approach
gathering evidence to support your theory
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3 problems with validation approach
- 1. positive test bias (behavioral confirmation)
- 2. testing in a way to support theory
- 3. failing to acknowledge problems
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falsification approach
gathering evidence that disconfirms theory
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qualification approach 2
- identifying boundary conditions for a theory
- use of validation and falsification
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Why is theory development impossible without the canon of determinism?
a theory is useless without the notion that the universe has order
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Why are theories valuable?
to predict future events
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