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Adult Canine dental formula
2(I3/3, C1/1, P4/4, M2/3) = 10/11 = 20/22 = 42
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Deciduous Canine dental formula
2(Di3/3, Dc1/1, Dp3/3) = 7/7 = 14/14 = 28
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Adult Feline dental formula
2(I3/3, C1/1, P 3/2, M1/1) = 8/7 = 16/14= 30
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Deciduous Feline dental formula
2(Di3/3, Dc1/1, Dp3/2) = 7/6 = 14/12 = 26
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The 4 basic types of teeth:
- Incisor (I)
- Canine (C)
- Premolar (P)
- Molar (M)
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These teeth function by nibbling small pieces, tearing bits of tissue from bone and grooming
Incisors
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These teeth grasp and tear with force
Canines
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These teeth provide shearing and tearing forces
Premolars
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These teeth provide small occlusional surfaces ideal for grinding
Molars
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These two teeth are referred to as the cheek teeth
Upper premolar 4 and lower molar 1
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Another name for the cheek teeth
carnassial teeth
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Canine time frame for deciduous eruption
2-12 weeks of age
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Feline time frame for deciduous eruption
2-6 weeks of age
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Canine time frame for permanent eruption
3-7 months of age
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Feline time frame for permanent eruption
3-6 months
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Canine deciduous incisor eruption
3-4 weeks of age
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Canine deciduous canine tooth eruption
3 weeks of age
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Canine deciduous premolar eruption
4-12 weeks of age
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Feline deciduous incisor eruption
2-3 weeks of age
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Feline deciduous canine eruption
3-4 weeks of age
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Feline deciduous premolar eruption
3-6 weeks of age
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Canine permanent incisor eruption
3-5 months of age
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Canine permanent canine tooth eruption
4-6 months of age
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Canine permanent premolar eruption
4-6 months of age
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Canine permanent molar eruption
5-7 months of age
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Feline permanent incisor eruption
3-4 months of age
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Feline permanent canine eruption
4-5 months of age
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Feline permanent premolar eruption
4-6 months of age
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Feline permanent molar eruption
4-5 months of age
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This refers to the shallow moat located at the base of a tooth and is the site of actual epithelial attachment of the gums
gingival sulcus
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This fluid resides in the gingival sulcus and contains immunoglobulin A (IgA) antibodies that help prevent mouth ulcers
Crevicular fluid
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This refers to a bony substance that covers the tooth roots and is the sight of attachment for the periodontal ligaments
cementum
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Cementum can self regenerate to some degree because of these cells
cementoblasts
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These hold the tooth in place but allow slight movement and prevent complete removal if struck
Periodontal ligaments
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This bone forms the gomphosis or socket where the tooth sits in
Alveolar bone
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These bones house the incisors
Incisive or premaxillary bones (2)
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These bones house the upper canines, premolars and molars.
Maxilla (2)
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These bones form most of the hard palate
Palatine bones (2)
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This (these) bones house all the lower teeth
- Mandible
- Cattle/Cats have 2
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The blood supply to the oral cavity comes from:
External Carotid arteries
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Which cranial nerve supplies the oral cavity?
Trigeminal - mixed
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The gland duct opens up lateral to the upper P4.
parotid salivary
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The gland duct opens up lateral to the upper 2nd molar.
zygomatic salivary
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This is the pH of carnivore and omnivore saliva which acts as a buffer against dental caries
7.5
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What is the disadvantage of the oral pH of 7.5
tends to promote deposition of plaque
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Which two areas accumulate the most calculus?
- Buccal surfaces of upper canines and cheek teeth
- Buccal surfaces of the lower cheek teeth
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This means towards the tip of the crown
coronal
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This means toward the tip of the root
Apical
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This means toward the rostral end of the arch (toward the midline)
Mesial
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This means in the caudal direction of the arch lateral to the incisor teeth
distal
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This means towards the cheek or lip
Buccal
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The means towards the tongue (lower teeth)
Lingual
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This means towards the hard palate (upper teeth)
palatal
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Another name for a tooth cavity
caries
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This refers to inflammation of the soft tissue around the tooth and will cause the bone and cementum to be reabsorbed.
Periodontal Disease
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This is a tooth within a tooth
Densendente
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This is a stomatitis that extends from the soft palate to the epiglottis
Faucitis
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Another name for the soft palate:
uvula
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Disease of the mouth often seen with FIV/FeLV cats that requires tooth extraction and antibiotics.
Lymphocytic Plasmacytic Gingivostomatitis (LPGS)
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Dog/cat normal scissor occlusion:
- 1. upper incisors overlap lower slightly and lower canines are in front of upper
- 2. lower canines occlude in interdental space between upper 3rd incisor and canine
- 3. incisors and canines do not touch
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Any abnormal occlusion
malocclusion
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A malocclusion where the 4 quadrants of the mouth grow independently of each other
wry mouth
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A malocclusion where the upper incisors are just caudal to the lower incisors and considered the most common
Anterior crossbite or reverse scissor
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This a malocclusion where the lower jaw is normal length but the upper jaw is too short
Mandibular Prognathism
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Another name for Mandibular Prognathism
Upper Jaw Brachygnathism
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This malocclusion is where the maxilla is of normal length and the mandible is shorter than normal
Mandibular Brachygnathism
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Another name for Mandibular Brachygnathism
Overshot Jaw or overbite
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This is when the mandible is wider than the maxilla
Posterior crossbite
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Which breeds commonly have a posterior crossbite
collies, boxers and other doligocephalic breeds
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An adult animal that is does not have full dentition
Oligodontia
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A complete absence of teeth
Anodontia
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An adult animal that has more than normal teeth
Polydontia
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What is the percentage of dogs in the US with polydontia
9%
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A condition where deciduous teeth erupt in an abnormal pattern and prevent the forward growth of the jaw
Dental interlock
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A common problem with dentition of lap dogs
retained deciduous teeth
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Total absence of a tooth noted on an X-ray
Edentulous
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An abnormally shaped root as a result of developmental trauma
Dilaceration
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A tooth usually covered in bone that has not and probably will not erupt
Embedded
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Permanent teeth are generally to deciduous teeth with the exception of the upper teeth.
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This type of tooth is unable to erupt due to the abnormal growth of another tooth
impacted tooth
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This is an infection of the bone usually secondary to a foreign body
Osteomyelitis
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This is the most common benign soft tissue tumor of the oral cavity in canines that is usually highly vascular
Fibromatous epulis
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This is the most common malignant tumor seen in canine oral cavities that metastasize quickly to regional lymph nodes, lungs and liver
Malignant melanoma
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This is the second most common malignant tumor seen in canine oral cavities that metastasize slowly and are friable
Squamous cell carcinoma
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This refers to a thickening and proliferation of the gingiva and thought to be the second most common oral problem next to retained deciduous teeth
Gingival Hyperplasia
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A general term for inflammation in the mouth
Stomatitis
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Another name for bad breath that is often confused with stomatitis
Halitosis
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Some causes of stomatitis:
- foreign body
- chemical thermal damage
- immune related - eg pemphigus vulgaris
- rodent ulcers
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This is caused by an interruption of the ameloblasts during the 2nd to 5th month of age characterized by irregular pitting or thinning of the teeth
Enamel Hypoplasia "Distemper Teeth"
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This is the splitting of the crown of a tooth during development
germination
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This can occur if a certain drug is given to the dam during gestation or to a puppy before the where a yellow tinge is noted on the deciduous teeth of the puppies from the dam and on the permanents of the puppy
Tetracycline staining
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This refers to a tooth that has broken to where the pulp cavity is exposed
Slab fracture
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What percentage of slab fractures never show signs of pain or infection?
85%
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Of the 15% of slab fractures that do show pain and/or infection, which tooth is usually affected?
Upper premolars
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Another word for a lost tooth
Attrition
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Animals that live where these two things are usually have worn incisors
Sand and fleas
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After a canine tooth extraction, this refers to the hole that is left that leads from the oral cavity to the nasal passage
Oronasal fistula
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This is part of the Eosinophilic granuloma complex characterized by red/brown ulcers on the lips of cats
Eosinophilic Ulcers "Rodent or kissing ulcers"
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This is the most common oral cavity tumor in cats
Squamous cell carcinoma
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The second most common oral cavity tumor in cats
Fibrosarcoma
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At what age is it a good time to perform the 1st dental examination to note deciduous eruptions?
3 weeks
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At what age is it a good time to perform the second oral examination?
6-8 weeks during first vaccinations
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During the 1st 24 to 48 hours of life what conditions should be check for on the newborn?
- 1. cleft palate
- 2. open fontenel
- 3. hairlip
- 4. umbilical hernias
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What fatal condition is an open fontenel indicative?
hydrocephalus
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As the puppies are checked during the first 24-48 hours, the bitch should be examined for
- 1. milk production and color
- 2. fecal for ascarids and ancylostoma
- 3. dewormed if positive
- 4. puppies need to be dewormed after pre-patent period (11 days for ancylostoma, 14 days for ascarids)
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Dental Prophylaxis Routine
- 1. Chart teeth
- 2. Remove plaque, tartar, and calculus from supragingival surfaces with a ultrasonic scaler
- 3. Perform subgingival curettage (make them bleed)
- 4. Polish teeth
- 5. Irrigate - flush debris away
- 6. Apply phosphate fluoride gel and rinse in 4 minutes
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Two ultra speed dental films:
DF50 and DF58
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Advantages of a dental xray unit
- 1. maneuverability
- 2. small focal spots
- 3. very little ray scatter
- 4. very good detail
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What is the focal spot range on a dental xray machine
0.3 to 1.5 mm
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This technique works well with the mandibular teeth caudal to the symphysis
Parallel technique
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For the remainder of the mouth, this technique is used
Bisecting Angle Technique
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What 4 tissues are considered the peridontium?
- 1. gingiva
- 2. peridontal ligament
- 3. cementum
- 4. alveolar bone
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What two conditions make up Periodontal Disease?
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This is the single most common disease seen in practices today
Peridontial Disease
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What is the minimum time frame it takes for plaque to minerlize into calculus?
24-48 hours
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What is the etiology of gingivitis?
gram positive anerobic cocci
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What antibiotics are commonly used to treat gingivitis?
- Clindamycin hydrochloride (Antirobe)
- Doxycycline (Doxirobe)
- Enrofloxacin (Baytril)
- Orbafloxacin (Orbax)
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ANUG
Acute Necrotizing Ulcerative Gingivitis
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At what age does peridontitis generally start?
4-6 years
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How does Peridontitis develop?
- 1. Gingivitis goes untreated
- 2. organisms penetrate the gingival sulcus
- 3. Endotoxins cause migration of epithelial attachment toward the root
- 4. Peridontal ligaments are eaten away and bone loss occurs
- 5. Tooth resorption
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This stage of peridontitis has pockets from 3-5 mm with minimal bone loss and stable teeth
Early peridontitis - stage 1
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This stage of peridontitis has pockets from 6-9mm with gingival hyperplasia and 30-50% bone loss with a few loose teeth
Moderate peridontitis - stage 2
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This stage of peridontitis has pockets greater than 9mm and greater than 50% bone loss with multiple loose teeth
Advance peridontitis - stage 3
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How is a pocket measured
From the cemento-enamel junction to the bottom of the gingival sulcus with a probe
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CEJ
Cemento-enamel Junction
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Upon evaluation and radiographs of a fractured tooth, how many patients require treatment?
1 in 10
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What abnormalties should the RVT be looking for upon oral examination?
- Halitosis
- Gingivitis or periodontitis
- Plaque
- Calculus
- Fractured/worn teeth
- Missing/rotated teeth
- Retained deciduous/polydontia
- Lumps or bumps
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Periodontal Prophylaxis
- 1. Examination while awake
- 2. Examination while under general anesthesia
- 3. Charting
- 4. Dental Radiology
- 5. Calculus removal from gumline
- 6. Calculus curettage under the gumline
- 7. Polishing
- 8. Irrigation
- 9. Application of fluoride
- 10. Lesion Therapy (DVM may need to do flap)
- 11. Home care instructions
- 12. Follow up appt to monitor disease
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For a stage 1 periodontitis, when should the follow up appointment be made after a cleaning?
6 months
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For a stage 2 periodontitis, when should the follow up appointment be made after a cleaning?
3 months
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For a stage 3 and 4 periodontitis, how often should appointments be made after a cleaning and/or treatment?
monthly
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What must be present on the teeth in order for calculus to form?
Plaque >> Calculus >> Irritated gums
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Warning signs of teeth/mouth problems that the owner should watch out for:
- Halitosis
- Brown crusts of tartar along gumline
- Pain/bleeding while eating (dropped food)
- Loose teeth upon observation
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What are the two nick names for ANUG?
- "Trench mouth"
- "Vincent's angina"
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What is cause for "Rubber Jaw"?
Secondary Hyperparathyroidism, it will pull calcium from the mandible first before the long bones
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This refers to the distance from the gingival margin to the epithelial attachment
Pocket depth
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This refers to the distance from the cemento-enamel junction to the epithelial attachment
Attachment level
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This refers to the point at which the root under the gums splits to become two roots
furcation
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At what percentage of support structure reabsorption should the tooth be extracted?
more than 70%
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Three most common anaerobic bacteria that cause periodontitis:
- 1. Porphyromonas salivosa
- 2. Porphyromonas denticans
- 3. Porphyromonas gulae
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What is the general term given to the bacteria that cause periodontitis?
BPAB
Black- Pigmented Anaerobic Bacteria
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These two organs are primarily involved with PDS
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What other organs are involved with PDS
- "Split"
- Spleen
- Lungs
- Liver
- Tracheobroncial and submandibular L.N.
- Tonsils
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How much plaque can a 4x4 gauze run along the cheek teeth remove during home care?
75%
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AVDT
Academy of Veterinary Dental Technicians
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When was AVDT approved?
2002 by the National Association of Veterinary Technicians in America (NAVTA)
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VTS
Veterinary Technician Specialist
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This is the area of veterinary dentistry that deals with the study and treatment of diseases of the peridontium
Periodontics
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This is the area of veterinary dentistry that deals with the etiologies, prevention, diagnosis and treatment of conditions that affect structures within the tooth and below the gumline
Endodontics
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This is the area of veterinary dentistry that deals with irregularities of the teeth and malocclusions
Orthodontics
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What is the standard way to test for oxygenation?
color under the tongue
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An exposed furcation is indicative of what condition?
gingival recession
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In geriatric lap dogs, what other condition usually accompanies periodontal disease?
septicemia that manifests as mitral valve insufficiency
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GFR
Glomerular Filtration Rate
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This is the company that first made an ultrasonic scaler and is often the nickname for any brand machine
Cavitron
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Which cell forms the enamel
ameloblast
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What product stimulates the production of IgA and is often given to cats for mouth ulcers
Lysine
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What is the lupus-like condition associated with the mucous membranes?
Pemphigus vulgaris
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This refers to tissue that falls apart easily
friable
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What strength of epinephrine is used to stop bleeding by shrinking the superficial capillaries?
1:1000
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This is a disease primarily in horses where a foreign body becomes lodged in the roof of the mouth leading to osteomyelitis
Lampas
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What is the primary problem that arises from a malocclusion?
self-cleaning is difficult
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What is another name for buccal?
vestibular
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Upper M1 and M2 have how many roots?
3
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Lower molars have how many roots?
2
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Which lower molar occasionally has 1 root?
lower M3
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Upper P1 has how many roots
1
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Upper P2 and P3 have how many roots?
2
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Upper P4 has how many roots
3
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Lower premolars will have how many roots?
1 or 2 but never 3
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