Exam I.3

a.       Chlorophyta (Green Algae)
                                                              i.      Diverse in __; most are __, but many are found in several habitats
1.       A diverse population of __, __, __green algae occurs in desert microbiotic crusts worldwide
a.       In addition to green algae, such __comprise communities of cyanobacteria, diatoms, lichens, etc.  bound to the __
                                                                                                                                      i.      These __ evolved from freshwater __ multiple times

                                                              i.      Some green algae (like __ and __) produce large amounts of __that function as a __, which give the algae an __(3)__ color
                                                            ii.      Most aquatic green algae are found in __, but a couple are marine species. 

                                                              i.      Resemble __ and __
1.       They are the only groups of organisms that contain __ and __ and store __, their food reserve, inside __
2.       Some, but not all, green algae are like __ and __ plants in having firm __ composed of __, __, and __substances

a.       In addition, the microscopic structure of the __ in some green algae resembles that of plant sperm cells
                                                                                                                                      i.      These features, in conjunction with molecular data, strongly indicate that green algae and land plants (bryophytes and vascular plants) form a __ known as the __

                                                              i.      Classified according to __, although not always recognized by it
1.       __, __, etc
                                                            ii.      Use of __, and molecular similaritiesà new systematic alignment of the green algae into several classes
1.       Three are __(3)__

                                                              i.      Differences in Cell Division and Motile Cells
1.       Freshwater Chlorophyceae have a unique mode of __ involving a __
a.       The daughter nuclei do what as what happens, and a new system of microtubules, the __, develops __to the plane of cell division

a.       The role of the phycoplast is to __                                                                                                                                      i.      The __ persists throughout mitosis
1.       In motile cells of the __, there is a crisscrossed pattern of four narrow bands of microtubules called __

                                                                                                                                      i.      In other algae, __remain throughout __until disrupted by the __ or __
1.       Some members of Charophyceae produce a new __, the __, which is nearly identical to that present in bryophytes and vascular plants

a.       The microtubules in a phragmoplast are oriented __to the plane of cell division
                                                                                                                                                                                                              i.      The phragmoplast serves as a“__” for formation of the __
b.      Flagellated cells of the charophyceae have an __ of microtubules

                                                                                                                                                                                                              i.      Role of the flagellar root system is to __
                                                                                                                                                                                                            ii.      Sometimes, an associated multilayered structure is associated with one of the __
b.      The __ of the __is similar to that found in the sperm of bryophytes and vascular plants

                                                              i.      Class Chlorophyceae
1.       Includes __ and __, __ and __ algae, __, and algae with __

2.       Most are __; __is marine; and, some are __

1.       Motile Uncellular Chlorophyte: Chlamydomonas
a.       Two equal __
b.      __group; it consists of several distinct lineages
c.       Its chloroplast, in having a __, or __, does what and is similar to what?

                                                                                                                                      i.      The chloroplast also have a __, suppounded by a shell of __
1.       Similar __occur in many other green algal species
2.       The __ is surrounded by a thin __, inside which is the cell membrane
b.      There is no cellulose in the cell wall
                                                                                                                                       i.      At the end of the cell are two __, which collect excess water and ultimately discharge it from the cell

a.       Sexual reproduction in Chlamydomonas involes __ in different mating types
                                                                                                                                       i.      __ are induced to form __by __
1.       The gametes, which resemble the __, first become __
a.       Within these clumps, __are formed that stick together, first by their __ and later by a slender __—the __—that connects them at the base of their flagella

                                                                                                                                                                                                               i.      As soon as this protoplasmic connection is formed, the __becomes free, and one or both pairs of flagella propel the partially fused gametes through the water
                                                                                                                                                                                                             ii.      The __of the two gametes fuse completely (__), followed by fusion of their nuclei (__), forming the zygote

                                                                                                                                                                                                               i.      The four flagella __ and __ and a __ forms around the diploid zygoate
                                                                                                                                                                                                             ii.      This thick-walled zygote or zygospore then undergoes __
                                                                                                                                                                                                            iii.      __occurs at the end, producing __, which each develop two flagella and a cell wall; they can either divide __or produce a new __
2.       __ is dominant, but they also exhibit __

                                                              i.      Motile Colonies of Chlorophyceae
1.       __is an example (spheroid)
a.       Single layer of 500-600,000 vegetative, biflagellated cells that do __, and some larger nonflagellated __cells, which undergo mitoses to form many-celled, __, which hatch from the parental spheroid by releasing an __that __

                                                                                                                                      i.      As the spheroids first develop, all of the flagella __, so the colony must __ before __.
b.      Sexual reproduction is always __; in all species so far, it is __, within the population of colonies by a __ that is produced by a spheroid that has itself become __by some other, as yet poorly understood mechanism

Nonmotile unicellular Chlorophycae
a.       Ex: chlorococcum found in microbial flora of soils
                                                                                                                                      i.      There’s a huge number of __ that superficially resemble them but can be distinguished by __
1.       Reproduce __by producing __, released from the parental cell
2.       Sexual reproduction is accomplished by the __, which __ to form __
a.       Meisosis is __

                                                              i.      Nonmotile Colonies
1.       Include __, the water net
a.       Under favorable conditions, it forms massive __ in ponds, lakes, and gentle streams
2.       Each colony has __ in the form of a __
3.       Initially __, each becomes __
a.       At maturity, each cell contains a large __ and __containing the nuclei and a large __ with numerous pyrenoids

1.       Hydrodictyon reproduces __through the formation of many __ in each cell of the net, which are not released from __, but group themselves into geometric arrays of four to nine within the cylindrical parent cell
a.       __then lose their __and form the component cells of daughter mini-nets
                                                                                                                                      i.      They are eventually released from the __ and grow into __ by dramatic cell enlargement

1.       __is an example of an unbranched filamentous member
a.       Filaments begin their developed __, but massive growths may later break away to form noticeable floating blooms
b.      Their mode of cell division results in the formation of characteristic __
                                                                                                                                      i.      These scars reflect what?

                                                              i.      Filamentous and Parencymatous Chlorophyceae
1.       The __ and __include algae that have the most complex structures found in the calss
a.       Their cells can be __with respect to particular functions or positions in the algal body and , like plant cells, are sometimes connected by __