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Universal Precautions
- handling of all items and specimens utilized in the laboratory as contaminated and infectious
- (CDC) Centers for Disease Control
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Person Protective Equipment (PPE)
- 1. Protective laboratory clothing
- 2. Disposable gloves
- 3. Eye protection
- 4. Face masks
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Accidents, illness, and injures must be...
reported immediately and recorded on the appropriate forms
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Possible routes of infection
- 1. Airborne
- 2. Ingestion
- 3. Direct Inoculation
- 4. Mucous membrane contact
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Airborne infection route
Airborne: aerosols may form during shaking or agitation of bacterial cultures in liquid media. They also form when dropping and breaking a bacterial culture in liquid media.
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Ingestion infection route
Ingestion: infection may result from failure to wash hands, eating, drinking, or chewing gum in the laboratory
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Direct Inoculation: infection route
Direct Inoculation: infection may result from needle sticks or broken glass, in the laboratory
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Mucous membrane contact: infection route
Mucous membrane contact: infection may occur if the organism can directly enter through mucous membranes such as through the conjunctiva of the eye
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Biohazard containers
all potentially contaminated samples, specimen containers, pipettes, pipette tips, reaction vessels, stoppers, and such
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disposing of tooth picks, cotton swabs, and inoculating needles
in a beaker with bleach
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slides which have come into contact w/cultures
in a square container
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Types of Compound Light Microscopy
- 1. Bright Field microscopy
- 2. Dark Field microscopy
- 3. Fluorescent microscopy
- 4. Phase Contrast
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Bright Field Microscopy
- Specimens that have pigments contrast with objects in the field of view can be seen
- multipurpose for live and preserved stained specimens
- note how specimens with few or no pigments have a low contrast cannot be seen with this microscope
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2. Dark Field Microscopy
- Uses a dark field condensor
- with a "stop disc" (opaque disc) that keeps light from entering the objective
- except peripheral light that is reflected off the sides of the specimen itself
- can outline the organism's shape and is use for detecting Treponema pallidum (causes syphilus)
 - image result: brightly illuminated specimen that is surrounded by a dark field
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3. Phase Contrast
- bends light that passes through the specimen so that it contrasts with the surrounding medium (moving the light out of phase)
- to alter the light that passes through diff parts of the organism
- devices that transform the subtle changes in light waves passing though the specimen into differences in light intensity
- allows internal structure to be seen
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4. Fluorescent Microscopy
- equipped with UV light that is directed towards the specimen, which has been stained with fluorescent dyes
- to detect: Mycobacterium tuberculosis
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Immunofluorescence
- flurorescent dyes are bound to specific antibodies
- to detect:
- 1. syphilus
- 2. chlamydiosis
- 3. trichomoniasis
- 4. herpes
- 5. influenzae
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Electron Microscopy types
- 1. Transmission Electron microscopy (black n white)
- 2. Scanning Electron microscopy
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