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7 Functions of the Integumentary system
- protection
- excretion
- temperature maintenance
- production of melanin and keratin
- synthesis of Vitamin D3
- storage
- detection
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How many distinct cell types are there?
4
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What are the 2 classifications of the stratified squamous epithelium?
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What are the 4 cell types of the epidermis?
- keratinocytes
- melanocytes
- dendritic
- tactile
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what are the 5 layers of the epidermis?
- 1. stratum basale
- 2. stratum spinosum
- 3. stratum granulosum
- 4. stratum lucidum
- 5. stratum corneum
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how is the stratum basale connected?
linked tightly by hemidesmosomes
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how much of the stratum basale is made up of melanocytes?
10-25%
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what are the functions of merkel cells?
touch and sensation
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how many layers are in the stratum spinosum?
8-10
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what are the actual coloring of your skin?
granules
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the stratum spinosum is the most abundant site of _________ ___________ and ___________ _____________.
- melanin granules
- dendritic cells
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what are dendritic cells in the spinosum?
branching immune cells
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how many layers are in the stratum granulosum?
4-6
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what is the main function of the stratum granulosum?
make keratin
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what happens during the making of keratin?
- cells flatten
- organelles disintegrate
- become water resistant
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what happens at the end of the stratum granulosum?
the cells die
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how many layers are in the stratum lucidum?
2-3
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properties of stratum lucidum
- clear layer
- able to transmit light
- only in thick skin
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what are the properties of the cells in the stratum lucidum?
- flattened
- densely packed
- dead
- filled with keratin
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stratum lucidum in a nutshell
nothing but water resistant membranes surrounding keratin
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how many layers are in the stratum corneum?
20-30
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where is the stratum corneum?
everywhere but the anterior eye
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how long does it take for cells to move from SB to SC?
7-10 days
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how long do cells spend in the stratum corneum?
2 weeks
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skin color is affected by...(2)
- pigmentation
- dermal circulation
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3 pigments
- carotene
- melanin
- hemoglobin
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carotene
- corneum
- in orange or yellow veggies
- can make up visual pigments
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melanin
- basale
- brown
- color based on activity- not number
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hemoglobin
circulation and oxygenation of blood
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why is melanin more apical?
to get more sunlight
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rickets
lack of cholecalcified or vitamin D3 on bone development
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what are the 2 major components of the dermis ?
- papillary layer
- reticular layer
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where can you find the papillary layer?
capillaries, lymphatics, and sensory neurons
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what kind of tissue is papillary?
areolar loose connective tissue proper
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the papillary layer allows _____ cells to ______
immune, patrol
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nipple or fingerlike projection
papill (dermal papillae)
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what causes the friction ridges in your fingers that are genetically determined (fingerprints)
dermal papillae
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which layer makes up about 80% of your dermis?
reticular
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what type of tissue is the reticular layer made of?
dense irregular connective tissue proper
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the dense irregular connective tissue proper in the reticular layer includes:
- pockets of adipocytes
- interlacing collagen fibers
- some elastic fibers
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what is the structure of most of the interlacing collagen fibers in the reticular layer?
most run parallel to structure
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where is the cutaneous plexus?
between the reticular layer and hypodermis
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pattern of fiber bundles in skin
not visible externally
important to surgeons
cleavage (tension) lines
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what do the tactile corpuscles detect?
light touch
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what do the lamellar corpuscles detect?
deep touch and pressure
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what type of tissue is the hypodermis made of?
areolar and adipose
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because it is a superficial region with large vessels, the hyperdermis is considered a...
blood reservoir
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true or false.
the hypodermis is not part of the integumentary system.
true
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what is the main purpose of hair?
protection and sensation
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what is the average amount of hair on the human body?
2.5 million
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what percentage of hair is not on your head?
75%
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hair is produced in...
hair follicles
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nerve ending surrounding the follicle
root hair plexus
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muscle pulling on hair follicle allowing it to stand up
arrector pili
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epidermal derivatives
?????
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what are the 2 types of hair?
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majority of hairs on your body
vellus
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the hair on top of your head
terminal
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condition in which there is excessive hair growth
hirsutism
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condition in which there is a lack of hair growth
alopecia
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what type of tissue is the follicle wall made of?
epithelial
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sebaceous glands
- secret oil
- simple, branched, alveolar glands
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sebum
secretion made of oil and disintegrated pieces of cell
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which follicle is:
large
not associated with hair follicles
discharge sebum onto epidermis to keep your skin conditioned
sebaceous follicles
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this gland secretes sweat
sudoriferous
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what are the 2 types of sudoriferous glands?
- eccrine (merocrine)
- apocrine
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which type of sudoriferous gland is...
numerous and widespread
secretes (mainly sweat) onto skin surface sensible perspiration (you can sense your sweat)
eccrine
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which type of sudoriferous gland is...
larger and deeper
empties into hair follicles
produces lipid in the secretion that is responsible for body odor
apocrine
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what are 2 other integumentary glands?
- mammary
- ceruminous (ear wax)
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What are the 4 stages of regeneration of integument?
- 1. scab or clot
- 2. cells of SB migrate along edge of wound
- phagocytes remove debris
- granulation tissue formed
- 3. epidermal cells migrate over mesh
- 4. fibroblasts in debris continue scar tissue creation
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