NSG 200

Bright light, smell, or taste. Serves as warning or sense that a seizure is about to occur.

Federal agency responsible for the enforcement of federal regulations regarding the manufacture, processing, and distribution of foods, drugs, and cosmetics to protect consumers against the sale of impure or dangerous substances.

Process by which resistance to an infectious disease is produced or augmented.

Active immunity: injection of small amount of attenuated (weakened) or dead organisms or modified toxins from the organism (toxoids) into the body.

Passive immunity: antibodies produced by other persons or animals are introduced into a person's bloodstream for protection against a pathogen.

Any microorganism capable of producing an illness

Any substance that impairs health or destroys life when ingested, inhaled, or otherwise absorbed by the body.

Harmful chemical or waste material discharged into the water, soil, or air.

Human, mechanical, and/or physical device that is used with or without the client's permission to restrict his or her freedom of movement or normal access to a person's body and is not a usual part of treatment plans indicated by the person's condition or symptoms. 

Hyperexcitation and disorderly discharge of neurons in brain leading to a sudden, violent, involuntary series of muscle contractions that is paroxysmal and episodic. 

All nursing interventions to protect the client from traumatic injury, positioning for adequate ventilation and drainage of oral secretions, and providing privacy and support following the seizure.

Client immediately postseizure: bed in lowest position, pillow under head, padded side rails up, loosened clothing, side-lying position, and privacy curtain.

Medical emergency whereby a person has continual seizure without interruption.

Bacteria require oxygen for survival and for multiplication sufficient to cause disease

Bacteria that thrive where little or no free oxygen is available

Absence of pathogenic microorganisms

Clinical signs and symptoms are not present in illness

Temperature or chemical that destroys bacteria

Prevent growth and reproduction of bacteria

Kills different types of bacteria

Microorganism is present or invades a host, grows, and/or multiplies but does not cause infection

Infectious disease that can be transmitted directly from one person to another.

• Respiratory hygiene
• 1. education on health care facility staff, client's families, and visitors
• 2. posters and written material for health care facility or agency staff, clients, families, and visitors
• 3. education on how to cover your nose/mouth when you cough, using a tissue, and the prompt disposal of contaminated tissue
• 4. placing surgical mask on client if it will not compromise respiratory function or is applicable
• 5. hand hygiene after contact with contaminated respiratory secretions
• 6. spatial separation greater than 3 ft away from persons with respiratory infections

Process that eliminates many or all microorganisms from inanimate objects (EXCEPT bacterial spores) 

Localized swelling

Normal flora or virulent organisms residing that cause infection

Cause and effect of health care-associated infections

Postoperative infection

Fluid and cells that are discharged from cells or blood vessels

Scar tissue that is not as strong as tissue collagen

Using instant alcohol hand antiseptic before and after providing client care, hand washing with soap when hands are visibly soiled, and performing surgical scrub

Washing hands with warm water for at least 15 seconds with warm 

Infections resulting from delivery of health services in a health care facility

Type of HAI from a diagnostic or therapeutic procedure

Ex: infection from a GI endoscopy

has impaired immune system

Can be infectious or communicable

Type of infection that may not pose a risk for transmission.

Procedures that enter body through openings (surgical, broken skin, orifices)

Increasing number of circulating WBC

• Normal: 5000-10,000/mm3
• Inflammation: 15,000-20,000/mm3 +

Pertaining to a specific area of the body

AKA clean technique

Procedures used to reduce the number of organisms present and prevent the transfer or organisms

Include bacteria, viruses, fungi, and protozoa

Dead tissue

Different types of microorganisms that live symbiotically and do not cause disease when residing in their usual area of the body but instead participate in maintaining health.

Process that involved the destruction and absorption of bacteria

Containing WBC and bacteria

Area for holding

Containing RBC

Clear, plasma-like

Certain principles and procedures used to prevent and control infection and its spread

Apply to all blood and body fluids (EXCEPT sweat), nonintact skin, and mucous membrance

Area free of microorganisms and prepared to receive sterile items

Complete elimination or destruction of all microorganisms (INCLUDING bacterial spores)

Disease-causing microorganisms multiply and cause illness because normal flora has been eliminated due to broad-spectrum antibiotics

Sterile technique prevents contamination of an open wound, serves to isolate the operative area from the unsterile environment, and maintains a sterile field for surgery

Degree of immune resistance to a pathogen

Pus-forming

Pathogens multiply and cause clinical signs and symptoms

Infection that affects the entire body instead of just a single organ or part

Mode of transmitting infectious microorganisms

Ability to survive in the host or outside the body

No fever

Drugs that reduce fever

Temporary disappearance of sound, typically between 1st and 2nd korotkoff sound

Rate of metabolism when body is at rest. Accounts for heat produced by body. Affected by thyroid hormone

Force exerted on the walls of an artery by the pulsing blood under pressure from the heart

Heart rate >60 bpm

CO = HR x SV

Adult heart: 5L of blood/min

C= 5/9(F-32)

Transfer of heat from one object to another with direct contact

Transfer of heat away by air movement

Temperature of the deep tissue

Normal 98.6-100.4F

Visible perspiration primarily occurring on forehead and upper thorax

Minimal pressure exerted against the arterial walls at all times

Movement of O2 and CO2 between alveoli and RBC

Abnormal heart rhythm; irregular or irregularly irregular

Normal rate and depth of ventilation

Transfer of heat energy when liquid is changed to gas

F= (5/9)C +32

Fever, heat

Rise in body temperature because heat production is greater than heat loss

Fever whose etiology cannot be determined

Ice crystal form inside cell, and permanent circulatory and tissue damage occurs when body is exposed to subnormal temperatures

Profuse diaphoresis results in excess water and electrolyte loss

Dangerous heat emergency with a high mortality rate. Hot, dry skin. Patient cannot sweat because of severe electrolyte loss and hypothalamic malfunction

Patient will become unconscious with fixed, nonreactive pupils

Percentage of RBC compared to blood volume

Determines blood viscosity

• High blood pressure; often asymptomatic; thickening and loss of elasticity in arterial walls
• Normal: <119/<80
• Pre-hypertensive: >120/ >80
• Stage 1 Hypertension: >140/ >90
• Stage 2 Hypertension: >160/>100

Elevated body temperature related to body's inability to promote heat loss or reduce heat production

Systolic blood pressure falls below <90 mmHg

Heat loss during prolonged exposure to cold that overwhelms the body's ability to produce heat

Hereditary condition of uncontrolled heat production, occurring when susceptible persons receive certain anesthetic drugs

Primarily in neonates. Metabolizing vascular brown tissue generates heat in neonates

AKA Postural Hypotension

Normotensive person develops symptoms and low blood pressure when rising to an upright position

Percent of Hb that is bound with oxygen in arteries; reflect how much oxygen is in blood

Distribution of RBC to and from pulmonary capillaries

AKA Orthostatic Hypotension

Blood pressure drops when person rises to an upright position

An inefficient contraction of heat that fails to transmit pulse waves to peripheral pulse sites

Difference between systolic and diastolic pressure

Fever

Organisms/things that elevate body temperature because they act as antigens that trigger immune system responses

Transfer of heat from surface of one object to another without direct contact between the two

Involuntary body response to temperature differences in body. Requires significant energy but increases heat production 4-5 times greater than normal

Instrument used to measure blood pressure with stethoscope

Peak of maximum pressure when ejection ovvutd

Heart rate > 100 bpm

Regulation of body temperature via hypothalamus

• Anterior hypothalamus: heat loss
• Posterior hypothalamus: heat production

Movement of gases in and out of lungs

Measurements that indicate health status

• Temperature
• Blood Pressure
• Pulse (Heart Rate)
• Respiratory Rate
• SaO2 (optional)
• Pain

Abnormal sounds

Hair loss

Ineffective communication due to cerebral cortex

Expressive: understand written/verbal speech but cannot write/speak appropriately

Receptive: cannot understand written/verbal speech

Apex of heart touches anterior chest wall at approximately 4th-5th intercostal space; 

AKA Mitral

Thin white ring along the margin of the iris that is common with aging but abnormal under 40

Reduction in muscle size due to infrequent usage

Listening to sounds the body makes to detect variations from normal using stethoscope

Growling sounds

Blowing, swishing sound caused by narrowing of blood vessel

Ear wax that is yellow and waxy

Bulging tissues at nail base due to insufficient oxygenation at periphery resulting from conditions such as chronic emphysema and congenital heart disease

Inflammation of conjunctiva that indicates allergy or infection; highly contagious

Bluish discoloration; cold or lack of O2

Swelling

Lids margins that turn out

Lid margins that turn in

Red discoloration

Local skin breakdown

Measures degree of motion in particular join and is for patient who has suspected reduction in joint movement

Increased  muscle tone; increased muscle resistance to any sudden passive movements

Little or no muscle tone; muscle is flabby

Hardened skin

Visual assessment to assess abnormalities

Skin, hair, scalp, nails

Yellow-orange discoloration; usually due to liver impairment

Hunchback; exaggeration of posterior curvature of thoracic spine

Swayback; increased lumbar curvature

presence of tumor/cancer

Sustained swishing or blowing sounds heard at beginning, middle, or end of systolic or diastolic phase

Involuntary, rhythmical oscillation of eyes

Detecting abnormalities via smell and body odor

Shortness of breath during night time, when sleeping

Metabolic bone disease that causes a decrease in quality and quantity of bone

Injury to auditory nerve due to drugs

Use of the hands to touch body parts to make sensitive assessments

Temperature, moisture, texture, turgor, tenderness, and thickness

Tapping the body with the fingertips to produce a vibration that travels through body tissues

Location, size, and density of underlying structures

Movement of contents through the intestines

PERRLA

Pupils are 3-7 mm in diameter

Pinpoint-sized, red/purple spot on skin caused by small hemorrhages in skin layers; may indicate serious blood clotting disorders, drug reactions, or liver disease

Coloration of skin; hypo or hyper

Tumor-like growths

Drooping of eyelids caused by edema or impairment of CN III OR loss of elasticity in older adults

A lateral spinal curvature 

Narrowing of blood vessels

Stretch marks

Circulatory arrest

Palpable murmur

Skin elasticity; determines hydration level

• S3 that occurs just after S2 at end of ventricular diastole
• I II = Ken tuck-y

Vibration palpated to assess for abnormailities

Self-care activities

Kind and amount of exercise or activity that the person is able to person

Bring about movement at joint

Involved with joint stabilization; continuously oppose effect of gravity on body and permit a person to maintain an upright or sitting posture

Nonvascular, supporting connective tissue with flexibility of firm, plastic material

Joints that have little movement but are elastic and use cartilage to unite separate body surfaces 

Ex: Ribs to costal cartilage

Point from which weight of body or system may be considered to act; stable base of support with low center of gravity gives more body balance

• 4 point: weight bearing on both legs
• 3 point: weight bearing on one foot only
• 2 point: partial weight bearing on each foot
• Swing-through gait: weight placed on supported leg and swing through crutches while they support pt weight

Activity requiring physical effort to sustain or improve health and fitness

Joints that fit closely together that permit little to no movement 

Ex: tibia and fibula syndesmosis

Board placed at food of bed for patients to push against to move up in bed

Force that occurs in a direction to oppose movement

Manner of style of walking, including cadence, rhythm, and speed

Assess balance, posture, and ability to walk without assistance

Muscle weakness of partial paralysis on one side of body

Paralysis of one side of body due to cerebral damage

Tightening or tensing of muscles without moving body parts

Muscle contraction and change in muscle length

Articulation; connection between bones

White, shiny flexible bands of fibrous tissue that bind joints and connect bones and cartilage; elastic and aid joint flexibility and support

Movement involving ROM, gait, and exercise

Balanced muscle tension

Position of body alignment during lifting, bending, moving, and performing ADLs

Awareness of the position of the body and its parts

Range of mobility used to assess degree of damage or injury to joint

Contract to accomplish same movement

AKA True Joints

Freely moveable joints, most mobile, numerous, and anatomically complex joint

EX: elbow (hinge joint)

White, glistening, fibrous bands of tissue that connect muscle to bone

Points that influences nerve pathways to face and head

Protective, identifiable cause, short duration, and has limited tissue damage and emotional response. Eventually resolves with or without treatment after a damaged area heals

Primary, chronic, neurobiologic disease, with genetic, psychosocial, and environmental factors influencing its development and manifestations

Variety of medications that enhance analgesics or have analgesic properties that were originally unknown

Common and effect method of pain relief

Distraction to help control your body's responses to pain

Transient flare of moderate to severe pain superimposed on continuous or persistent pain

Lasts longer than anticipated, does not always have an identifiable cause, and leads to great personal suffering.

Stimulation of skin helps to relieve pain; gate theory

State of adaptation in which exposure to a drug induces changes that result in a dimunition of one or more of the drug's effects over time

Anesthesia inserted into the level of vertebral interspace nearest to area requiring anesthesia

Alter affective-motivational and cognitive pain perception through relaxation

Chronic pain in the absence of an identifiable physical or psychological cause or pain perceived as excessive for the extent of an organic pathological condition

Local infiltration of an anesthetic medication to induce loss of sensation to a body part

Inhibition of pain impulse; gate theory

Chemicals, thermal, mechanical stimuli that relea

Peripheral pain nerve fiber

Narcotics

Point at which a person feels pain

Level of pain a person is willing to put up with

Safe method for pain management that many clients prefer; goal is to maintain constant level of analgesic to avoid problems of prn dosing

Point at which a person is aware of pain

Unsutured catheter from a surgical wound placed near a nerve or groups of nerves connects to a pump containing a local anesthetic

State of adaptation that is manifested by a drug class specific withdrawal syndrome produced by abrupt cessation, rapid dose reduction, decreasing blood level of drug, and/or administration of an antagonist

Medications or procedures that produce positive or negative effects in clients

NT released by cellular damage; thought to increase sensitivity to pain

Drug seeking behaviors that occur when pain is under-treated

Injection of a local anesthetic to block a group of sensory nerve fibers

Mental and physical freedom from tension or stress that provides individuals a sense of self-control

Stimulation of skin with a mild electrical current passed through external electrodes

Energy of these stimuli is converted to electrical energy 

Pain impulse is sent after transduction