W3-Central Nervous System (CNS)

towards the back and top of brain

towards the stomach

towards nose

towards the tail

splits right between lift to right ear

the half right above the eyes

• Cuts right between middle of head(Verticle cut)
• between nose

above another part

below another part

closest part of origin

Located far from the point of origin or attachment

located on same side of body

located on opposite side of body

set of neurons in CNS

set of axons in the Peripheral NS- either from CNS to muscle/gland or from Sensory organs to CNS

cluster of cell bodies INSIDE of CNS

Cluster of cell bodies OUTSIDE of CNS

going in

going outside

• -cingulate gyrus
• -amygdula
• -hippocampus
• -hypothalumus

sensory info from the sensory receptors to the spinal cord inside - (afferent)

away motor nervs (efferent)

spinal chord

cell bodies and dendrites

White matter = which is easier to travel through

a specific area the body

muscles below the area of injury and sensation below area of injury

internal organs without conscious, i.e, heart rate, breathing, digestion, urination...

Parasympathetic & Sympathetic Nervous systems

prepares organs for "fight or flight" i.e,.. fight or flee from a predator,

it regenerates the body and its at a vegetative state/non-emergency responses

Medulla, pons, and cerebellum

• It controls the vital reflexes, i.e,... hear rate, breathing & etc...
• -opiate receptors suppress the Medulla & suppress breathing
• -can be fatal
• is located just above the spinal chord

axons from each half of the brain cross to the opposite side of the spinal chord- left-hemesphere controls muscles on right side of body

-pass information between the cerebellum and cerebrum

Also helps to send other messages to the brain, manage arousal feelings, and monitor respiration.

Reticular formation- important in arousal and motivation

Raphe system- it modifies brains response to stimuli

-Balance, coordination, and motor memory... i.e.. how to ride a bike

-Superior colliculi - processing of visual info & -Inferior colliculi- processing of audio info

-Substancia Nigra, and Ventrical Tragmental Area(VTA)

1.Reward pathway- goes to limbic system & to the nucleus accumbens- mesolimbic tract-

2.Pathway that goes to prefrontal cortex for planning and problem sovling-

This pathway regulates some emotion and motivation. In schizophrenia, this pathway may be disrupted, leading to irregularities in emotion such as flat affect.

• begins in the midbrain, buttravels through the limbic system of the brain. Involves emotion, motivation, and reward.
• -is another one of the dopaminergic pathways disordered in schizophrenia.

• Cerebral cortex, basal ganglia,
• -Limbic system
• -Thalamus, pituatary gland, and basal forbrain

(cingulate gyrus, amydula, hippocampus, hypothalumus)

most sensory info goes here, and if important it sends it to the appropriate area of the cortex, i.e,.. vision- eye to thalamus (deemed relavant info) -sent on the occipital lobe

connects the brains neurological functioning with endocrine hormonal functioning

A1: = threat

A2: = Sympathetic N-system

Endocrine (hormone)

body temperature

fighting, fleeing, feeding, & fornicating

circadian rythms

is a pea-sized structure located at the base of the brain, just below the hypothalamus

anterior, intermediate and posterior lobes,

produces hormones which control other glands as well as various bodily functions, testies/ovaries, sperm/eggs, breast milk, adrenal glands

• regulate growth and stimulate the adrenal and thyroid glands as well as the ovaries and testes.
• - It also generates prolactin, which enables new mothers to produce milk.

releases a hormone which stimulates the melanocytes, cells which control pigmentation through the production of melanin

antidiuretic hormone, which reclaims water from the kidneys and conserves it in the bloodstream to prevent dehydration. Oxytocin is also produced- aiding in uterine contraction during childbirth and stimulating the production of milk.

3 structures lateral to the thalamus

important for movement, remembering how to do things

A1. Cerebral cortex

A2. arousal/attention

A3: Alzheimer's Dz

Cingulate gyrus, Amygdula, hippocampus, hypothalamus

• connects lower limbic systems to the cortical centers
• -regulates appropriate actions to emotional reactions

A1: temporal lobe

A2: emotional reactions

long-term memory and if damaged can't store new memories

2 larger lateral ventricals connects to the 3rd ventrical in the back, and the 3rd ventrical connects to the 4th in Center of the Medulla

ependymal

to either central canal of Spinal cord or area between brain and membranes that surround the brain

• shock absorber, supports brain weight-buoyancy
• -provides nutrients, and removes wastes

neurons

Hydrocephalus

Obstruction(tumors, hemorrhage, trauma, meningitis, congenital malformations

-irritability, seizures, poor feeding, vomiting, sleepiness, downward gaze, Enlarged head cuz plates don't face until after age 3

-headaches, nausea, vomiting, sleepiness

elderly- caused by hemorrhage, head trauma from a fall, stroke, tumors... ventricals enlarge slowly

memory, reasoning, speaking = dimentia, walking, and urinary incontinence

• -some symptons can be reversed with treatment.
• -incidence in assisted living elderly = 9-14%