-
Microorganisms
Organisms that are too small to be seen with the naked eye
-
Germ
Refers to a rapidly growing cell
-
Pathogenic
Means disease-causeing
-
Why do we need microbes in our lives? (5 answers)
- Decompose organic waste
- Are producers in the ecosystem by photosynthesis
- Produce industrial chemicals (ethanol/Acetone)
- Produce fermented food (Vinegar, cheese, bread)
- Produce products used in manufacturing (cellulase) and treatment (insulin)
-
What is used in stone-washing clothing?
A genus of fungi called Trichoderma
-
Nomenclature
- The naming of Organisms
- Carolus Linnaeus (Carl von Linne)
- Latinized
-
Each organism has two ____?
- 1) Genus - Capitalized
- 2) Species (Specific epithet)
Both names should be underlined separately or italicized (if typing)
-
Escherichia Coli
- Honors the discoverer, Theodor Escherich
- Describes the bacterium's habitat - Large intestine, or colon
-
Staphylococcus Aureus
- Name describes the clustered (staphylo-) spherical (cocci) cells
- Also describes the gold-colored (aureus) colonies
-
7 types of microorganisms
- Bacteria
- Archea
- Fungi
- Protozoa
- Algae
- Viruses
- Multicellular animal parasites
-
-
Who created the 3 domains and how are they classified?
- Carl Woese in 1978
- Classified by rRNA analysis
-
Bacteria Characteristics
- Prokaryotic- NO nucleus
- Unicellular
- Contain cell wall made of peptidoglycan
- Some are photosynthetic
- Autotrophic and heterotrophic
-
Archaea Characteristics
- Prokaryotic - No nucleus
- Unicellular
- Cell wall lacks peptidoglycan
- Extremophiles - Ability to survive in extreme conditions
-
Three types of extremophiles
- Thermophiles- Extreme heat
- Halophiles- High salt content
- Methanogens- Produce methane
-
Fungi Characteristics
- Eukaryotic - Contains nucleus
- Multicellular (Molds /Mushrooms)
- Unicellular (Yeasts)
- Cell wall made of chitin
- Heterotrophic
-
Protozoa Characteristics
- Eukaryotic - Contains Nucleus
- Multicellular
- Unicellular
- NO cell wall/ ONLY cell membrane
- Few are photosynthetic
- Move using flagella, cilia, or pseudopods or use carrying host/environment
-
Algae Characteristics
- Eukaryotic - Contains nucleus
- Both multi and unicellular
- Cell wall made from cellulose
- Photosynthetic
- They are classified based on theri pigment (red, green, brown)
-
Virus Characteristics
- Acellular - No living cellular structure
- Must have a living host
- May contain DNA or RNA
- Contain capsid(protein coat)/No cell wall
- Some are enveloped for disguise others are "naked"
-
Multicellular Animal Parasites
- Eukaryotic
- Multicellular
- No cell wall
- Heterotrophic only
- May have some microscopic stages to its lifetime
-
4 types of organisms that fall under the Eukarya Classification
- Protists (Slime molds, algae, protozoa)
- Fungi
- Plants
- Animals
-
When were microbes first observed?
1673 by Anton van Leeuwenhoek
-
Cell Theory
All living things are composed of cells and come from preexisting cells
Robert Hooke
-
_____ _____ said cells arise from preexisting cells
Rudolf Virchow
-
Spontaneous Generation
The hypothesis that living organisms arise from nonliving matter; a "vital force" forms life
-
Biogenesis
The hypothesis that the living organisms arise from preexisting life
-
Louis Pasteur
- in 1861 disproved spontaneous generation
- Microbes in air can contaminate
- Air does not create microbes
- Credited with aseptic technique
-
The Golden Age of Microbiology
- Between 1857-1914
- Due to rapid advances and Pasteurs theory of biogenesis
-
Fermentation
When yeasts turn sugar into alcohol without air.
With air alcohol is converted into acetic acid by bacteria
-
Pasteurization
The process of heating the product to kill potentially harmful bacteria.
Developed to expand the lifespan of beer and wine
-
Ignaz Semmelweis
- Advocated hand washing between patients
- Therefore incidence dropped from 35% to 1%
-
Joseph Lister
- Surgeon/ Applied germ theory to medical practices
- Cleaned instruments between surgeries
- Knew phenol (Carbolic acid) killed bacteria
- Used carbolic acid as chemical control
-
The Germ Theory of Disease
That microorganisms might cause disease
-
Robert Koch
- Proved bacteria cause disease 1876
- Discovered Bacillus anthracis which causes anthrax
-
Koch's Postulates
A sequence of experimental steps for directly relating a specific microbe to a specific disease
-
Edward Jenner
- Created the 1st vaccine
- Used a mild version of a disease (Cowpox) to give the body an immunity to a much more harsh disease (smallpox).
-
Alexander Fleming
In 1928 discovered the fungus Penicillium created an antibiotic that killed S. aureus
In 1940 Penicillin was tested and clinically produced
|
|