Chemistry Ch 18 - 20 Vocab

AKA the transition state-The unstable arrangement of atoms that forms momentarily at the peak of the activation energy barrier.

If a stress is applied to a system in dynamic equilibrium, the system changes to relieve the stress.

Reactants are converted to products in a single step.

A state of balance when the forward and reverse reactions take place at the same rate.

The measure of disorder of a system

The minimum energy colliding particles must have in order to react.

A substance that interferes with the action of a catalyst. They make the reaction slow or even stop.

Energy available to do work.

occurs naturally and favors the formation of products at the specified conditions; depends on enthalpy and entropy changes

A measure of the speed of any change that occurs within an interval of time. It's usually expressed as the amount of reactant changing per unit of time.

States that atoms, ions, and molecules can react to form products when they collide with one another, provided that the colliding particles have enough kinetic energy.

A reaction in which the conversion of reactants to products and the conversion of products to reactants occur simultaneously. It's shown by a double arrow

Indicates whether the reactants or products are favored in a reversible reaction.

the ratio of the product concentrations to reactant concentrations at equilibrium. When aA+bB=cC+dD, the equation for this is ([C]^c X [D]^d)/([A]^a X [B]^b).

Equals the product of the concentrations of the ions each raised to a power equal to the coefficient of the ion in the dissociation equation.

An ion that is found in both salts in a solution.

The lowering of the solubility of an ionic compound as a result of the addition of a common ion.

A reaction that does not favor the formation of products at the specified conditions.

States that the natural tendency is for systems to move in the direction of maximum disorder or randomness.

An expression for the rate of a reaction in terms of the concentration of reactants.

A proportionality constant relating the concentrations of reactants to the rate of the reaction.

In this reaction, the reaction rate is directly proportional to the concentration of only one reactant.

the maximum amount of energy that can be coupled to another process to do useful work

The series of elementary reactions or steps that take place during the course of a complex reaction

is a product of one of the steps in the reaction mechanism

refers to the activated complex

an equation showing either the oxidation or the reduction that takes place in a redox reaction

a method of balancing a redox equation by balancing the oxidation and reduction half-reactions separately before combining them into a balanced redox equation

a process that involves complete or partial loss of electrons or a gain of oxygen; it results in an increase in the oxidation number of an atom

a positive or negative number assigned to an atom to indicate its degree of oxidation or reduction; the oxidation number of an uncombined element is zero

a method of balancing a redox equation by comparing the increases and decreases in oxidation numbers

a reaction that involves the transfer of electrons between reactants

the substance in a redox reaction that accepts electrons; in the reaction, the oxidizing agent is reduced

another name for an oxidation-reduction reaction

the substance in a redox reaction that donates electrons; in the reaction, the reducing agent is oxidized

a process that involves a complete or partial gain of electrons or the loss of oxygen; it results in a decrease in the oxidation number of an atom