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Morgan_001
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true organs
multiple different tissue types
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The skeletal system includes:
- bones
- cartilages
- ligaments
- other connective tissues
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What is the job of the connective tissues?
stabilize and interconnect
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What tissue type are bones?
mainly connective
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What are the 6 primary functions of the skeletal system?
- 1. Support
- 2. Storage of minerals and lipids
- 3. Blood cell production (red bone marrow)
- 4. Protection
- 5. Hormone production
- 6. Leverage (change direction and magnitude of force from muscles)
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What type of tissue makes up yellow bone marrow?
adipose
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What are the 3 mains types of cartilages?
- 1. Hyaline
- 2. Elastic
- 3. Fibrocartilage
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Which type of cartilage:
is most common
has a matrix that appears glassy, blue-white
is stiff but has flexible support?
Hyaline
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Which type of cartilage:
is like hyaline but with many more elastic fibers
tolerates distortion without damage?
Elastic
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Which type of cartilage:
resists compression
prevents bone to bone contact
limits movement?
Fibrocartilage
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Which type of cartilage is in your ear?
Elastic
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Which type of cartilage is in your nose?
Hyaline
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Which type of cartilage is in your joints?
Hyaline
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Which type of cartilage is between your intervertebral discs?
Fibrocartilage
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Which type of cartilage makes up your costal cartilage on your ribs?
Hyaline
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Which type of cartilage makes up your pubic symphysis?
Fibrocartilage
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Which type of cartilage makes up your meniscus?
Fibrocartilage
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What are the 2 groups in bone classification?
Axial and Appendicular
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To talk about bones we must look at their:
- shape
- feature surface markings
- internal structure
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On average, how many bones are in the adult human body?
206
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What are the 6 broad categories of bones based on their shape?
- 1. Sutural
- 2. Sesamoid
- 3. Irregular
- 4. Short
- 5. Flat
- 6. Long
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Which bone shape is:
also known as wormian bones
small, flat, irregularly shaped
between flat bones of the skull
vary between individuals in number and shape
basically small bone chips
Sutural
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Which bone shape is:
small, flat
develop inside of tendons
near joints
vary in number and location with 1 exception
Sesamoid
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What is the 1 exception to the sesamoid shaped bones?
patella
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Which bone shape is:
complex shapes
short, flat, notched, or ridged
vertebrae, pelvic bones, some skull bones
Irregular
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Which type of bone shape is:
small and bony
in carpals and tarsals
Short
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Which bone shape is:
thin parallel surfaces
protection for underlying soft tissues
provide surface for muscle attachment
skull, sternum, ribs, scapula
Flat
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Which bone shape is:
long and slender
in appendages
includes the larges bone of the body
Long
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Where can you find irregular bones?
vertebrae, pelvic bones, some skull bones
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Where can you find short bones?
carpals and tarsals
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Where can you find flat bones?
skull, sternum, ribs, scapulae
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Where can you find long bones?
femur, humerus, metacarpals/tarsals, radium, etc.
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What are some characteristics of internal and external bone marking features?
- elevation
- projection
- depressions
- grooves
- tunnels
- etc.
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What type of cartilage surrounds the compact bone?
articular
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What are the parts of the typical long bone?
- Diaphysis
- Epiphyses
- Metaphyses
- Medullary cavity
- Periosteum
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Diaphyses
the shaft of the long bone
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Epiphyses
the heads or ends of a long bone
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Metaphyses
the neck of a long bone; where the diaphysis and epiphyses attach
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medullary cavity
central cavity of a long bone; contains yellow or red bone marrow
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endosteum
- connective tissue membrane covering internal bone surfaces
- inside the medullary cavity
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periosteum
double-layered connective tissue that covers and nourishes the bone
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Where is the periosteum NOT located in the bone?
joints
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Supporting connective tissue contains:
- specialized cells
- extracellular protein fibers
- ground substance
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Bone matrix contains __________ salts.
calcium
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Osteoid before __________
calcification
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osteoid
uncalcified bone matrix
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lacunae
small open space in the matrix
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canaliculi
small holes that allow for the exchange of materials
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Osteocytes are within the lacunae except for...
canaliculi
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True or false.
Bone matrix in compact bone is the same as in spongy bone.
True
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In the bone matrix, cells account for about __% of mass.
2
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___________ fibers provide framework in the bone matrix.
collagen
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What are the 4 types of bone cells?
- 1. osteocytes
- 2. osteoblasts
- 3. osteoprogenitor cells
- 4. osteoclasts
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Which type of bone cell is:
mature bone cells (majority of cells)
occupy lacuna surrounded by lamellae
cannot divide
osteocytes
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Where can you find osteocytes?
canaliculi
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What are the 2 major functions of osteocytes?
- 1. maintain protein and mineral content of matrix
- 2. participate in repair of damaged bone
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Which type of bone cell:
produces osteoid
elevates Ca phosphate levels above solubility limit
osteoblasts
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lamella
layers of calcified matrix
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osteoblasts calcify themselves into __________.
osteocytes
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Osteocytes are ___________ surrounded by bone.
osteoblasts
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Which type of bone cell:
is squamous stem cells
daughter cells differentiate into osteoblasts
important in fracture repair
osteoprogenitor cells
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Where can you find osteoprognitor cells?
inner layer of periosteum and endosteum
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Which type of bone cell:
remove and recycle bone matrix
giant cells with 50+ nuclei
derived from stem cells that produce monocytes
bone breaking cells
osteoclasts
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_______________ are building up bone mass while ________________ are breaking bone mass.
Osteoblasts, osteoclasts
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Which cell type is a stem cell?
osteogenic cell
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matrix- synthesizing cell responsible for bone growth
osteoblast
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mature bone cell that monitors and maintains the mineralized bone matrix
osteocyte
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bone-resorbing cell
osteoclast
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How are osteocytes arranged in compact bone?
concentric layers
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osteon or Haversian system
the structural unit of compact bone
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central or Haversian canal
runs through the core of each osteon; contains small blood vessels and nerve fibers that serve the osteon's cells
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perforating or Volkmann's canals
lie at right angles to the long axis of the bone and connect the blood and nerve supply of the medullary cavity to the central canals
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What are the 2 types of canals in compact bone?
- 1. Central canal or Haversian canal
- 2. Perforating canal or Volkmann's canal
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What are the 3 types of lamellae?
- 1. Concentric
- 2. Interstitial
- 3. Circumferential
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Concentric lamellae
around central canal
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Interstitial lamellae
fill in the gaps of between forming osteons
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Circumferential lamellae
outside surface of the bone
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trabeculae
forms meshwork of bundle fibers in spongy bone
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True or false.
Spongy bone contains no capillaries or venules in its matrix.
True
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Where does diffusion occur in spongy bone?
along canaliculi
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What are the 2 types of bone marrow?
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Which type of bone marrow is between trabeculae?
red
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hematopoeisis
the formation of blood cells
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Where does hematopoeisis occur?
red bone marrow
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True or false.
Red bone marrow can transition into yellow bone marrow as you get older but can transition back if needed.
True
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What is the time period for bone growth and development?
6 weeks after fertilization until around 25 years old
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ossification or osteogenesis
deposition of calcium salts into hyaline cartilage
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Development and growth of bone depend on the balance between:
- bone formation and bone resorption
- osteoblast and osteoclast function
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What are the 2 types of ossification?
- 1. Membranous/ Intramembranous
- 2. Endochondral
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membranous ossification
- mostly flat bones
- skull bones and scapula
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ednochondral ossification
replacing of hyaline cartilage with ossified bone matrix
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exercise stimulates the ___________, making them stronger
osteoblasts
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What are the 5 stages of endochondral ossification?
- 1. Bone collar around diaphysis
- 2. Primary ossification center in center of diaphysis
- 3. Periosteal bud invades cavity
- 4. Diaphysis elongates and marrow cavity forms
- 5. Epiphyses ossify
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At which stage in endochondral ossification does spongy bone form?
3. Periosteal but invades cavity
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When children are born, their epiphyses are completely ____________ cartilage.
hyaline
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What happens during appositional growth?
there is an increase in bone diameter
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What causes the increase in bone diameter during appositional growth?
inner layer of periosteum differentiates into osteoblasts
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At epiphyseal plate, chondrocytes produce __________.
cartilage
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chondrocyte
mature cell of cartilage
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During ____________ growth, osteoblasts turn cartilage into bone.
longitudinal
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True or false.
So long as chondrocytes stay ahead of osteoblasts, bone elongates.
True
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At puberty, hormones speed up ___________.
osteoblasts
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Fractures may be classified by:
- Position of bone ends after fracture
- Completeness of fracture
- Whether bone ends penetrate skin
- Type of fracture
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comminuted fracture
bone fragments into 3 or more pieces
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When are you most likely to see a comminuated fracture?
in the elderly
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compression fracture
bone is crushed
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Where are you most likely to find a compression fracture?
common in porous bones; bones subject to extreme trauma, as in a fall
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spiral fracture
ragged break occurs when excessive twisting forces are applied to a bone
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What is the most common way to get a spiral fracture?
sports
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epiphyseal fracture
epiphysis separates from the diaphysis along the epiphyseal plate
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Where do epiphyseal fractures tend to occur?
where cartilage cells are dying and calcification of the matrix is occurring
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depressed fracture
broken bone portion is pressed inward
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Where are depressed fractures most typical?
skull
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greenstick fracture
bone breaks incompletely; only one side of the shaft breaks, the other side bends
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Greenstick fractures are most common in what age of people?
children and athletes of upper teens and early 20s
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4 major stages of simple fracture repair:
- 1. Hematoma forms
- 2. Fibrocartilaginous callus forms
- 3. Bony callous forms
- 4. Bone remodeling occurs
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When talking about fracture repair, what does reduction mean?
the lining up of the broken ends of the bone
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complex fracture
you have to line the bones up so they can grow back together
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simple fracture
bones are close enough together to grow back on their own
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At what stage during simple fracture repair may you be able to remove a cast?
3 (bony callous forms)
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