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Characteristics of benign cells
continuous or inappropriate cell growth, show specific morphology, small nucleus, perform specific differentiated functions, adhere tightly together, nonmigratory, euploid, dont invade
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Characteristics of normal cells
LASSSA-limited cell division, apoptosis, small nucleus, specific morphology, specific differentiated functions, adhere tightly together; NECG-non migratory, euploid, contact inhibited, grow orderly
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Examples of primary screening
teaching to avoid known carcinogens, removal of moles
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Examples of secondary screening
halts the cancer process; mammograms, colonoscopy, pap; goal to reduce the number of cancer deaths
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What do malignant cells do?
Hi mitotic rate, rapid growth, disregard for normal growth, almost never encapsulated, invade surrounding tissue, metastasize, anaplastic, morphological characteristics, poorly differentiated, abnormal # of chromosomes, altered cell membrane
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What do suppressor cells do?
Oncogenes that suppress growth; when suppressor genes become altered/mutated, cancer cells are allowed to reproduce
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Precancer preventative diet
low fat, high fiber, no booze, no smoked/charred foods and nitrates, eat more fruits and veggies; vitamin A, Vitamin C
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Three processes of carcinogenesis
1.initiation-permanently, directly and irreversible change the molecular structure of the DNA 2. Promotion-enhances the cellular changes done in initiation 3. Progression-morphological cellular changes and malignant behavior
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PT education of CT scan-CT guided biopsy
detects differences in tissue densities in body and used with needle biopsies to direct needle to tumor site
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TNM
T=size, N=nodes, M=mets
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Grade 1
well differentiated (appear normal, growing slowly, not aggressive)
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Grade 2
moderately differentiated (semi-normal, growing moderately fast)
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Grade 3
poorly differentiated (abnormal, growing quickly, aggressive)
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Teletherapy
external beam, distant treatment; pt is NOT radioactive
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Brachytherapy
internal, short or close tx; implanted by needles, seeds, beads or catheters; placed on bedrest, lomotil to prevent bowel movements; unsealed are eliminated in waste products that are radioactive
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Apoptosis
programmed cell death
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Definition of curative surgery
remove entire tumor (local-small; wide local-tumor plus tissue; wide excision-tumor, tissue, adjacent structures and usual lymph; extended radical-tumor, lymphatics, adjacent organs and tissues)
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Definition of reconstructive surgery
restore function, skin closure, cosmetic, maintenance
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Hormonal drug tamoxifen
reduces incidence of breast cancer by 49% in postmenopausal women identified as being high risk
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Skin care of radiation
no lotions, ointments, no direct skin exposure to sun during tx and for at least 1 year after completion
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Chemo meds
given on regular basis and timed to maximize cancer cell kill; usually q 3-4 weeks for about 6-12 times
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Side effects of chemo
toxicity, GI upset, N/V, corticosteroids, amtiemetics, sedatives, histamines; small frequent meals, relaxation, comfort foods, soft toothbrush, avoid flossing, rinse with saline or water, avoid mouthwashes with alcohol
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What to do for extravasation?
Apply heat or ice depending on the drug, dr may aspirate drug from; make sure youre in the vein; tissues, ointments such as dexamethasone can be effective
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What to do if pt is vomiting medicine?
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Vaginal bleeding, leg pain, flank pain
ovarian cancer
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