Thermodynamics

If bodies A and B are each in thermal equilibrium with a third body T, then A and B are in thermal equilibrium with each other.

Liquid water, solid ice and water vapor can coexist in thermal equilibrium at only one set of values for pressure and temperature.

Pascal

0 K=-273.15°C=-459.67°F

273.15K=O°C=32°F

373.15K=100°C=212°F

If the temperature of a metal rod is raised by an amount ΔT, its length increases by 

,

where  is the coefficient of linear expansion

If the temperature of a solid or liquid is raised by an amount ΔT, its volume is increases by

,

where  is the coefficient of volume expansion. 

,

where  is the coefficient of Areal expansion. 

1 calorie=4.1868J

Is the proportionality constant between the heat that the object absorbs or loses and the resulting temperature change of the object,

Q=CΔT

"heat capacity per unit mass"

Q=cmΔT

 elementary units

When quantities are expressed in moles, specific heat must also involve moles (rather then a mass unit).

The amount of energy per unit mass that must be transferred as heat when a sample completely undergoes a phase change.

Q=Lm

When the phase changes is from liquid to gas or from gas to liquid.



For water:  

When the phase changes is from solid to liquid or from liquid to solid.



For water: 

The amount of work done by a gas as it expands or contracts is given by



pressure may vary during the volume change.

The principle of conservation of energy,



or

From the first law of thermodynamics, 

From the first law of thermodynamics, 

From the first law of thermodynamics, 

From the first law of thermodynamics, 

The conduction rate at which energy is conducted through a slab for which one face is at higher temperature and the other lower temperature,



where L is thickness, A is face area and k is the thermal conductivity.

Occurs when temperature differences cause an energy transfer by motion within a fluid i.e a breeze.

Is an energy transfer via the emission of electromagnetic energy i.e. sunlight.

Joule

Watt