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A neural impulse is initiated when a neuron’s charge momentarily becomes less negative, or even positive. This event is called:
an action potential.
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Neurons convey information about the strength of stimuli by varying:
the rate at which they fi re action potentials.
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Alterations in activity at dopamine synapses have been implicated in the development of:
schizophrenia.
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Tania just barely avoided a head-on collision on a narrow road. With heart pounding, hands shaking, and body perspiring, Tania recognizes that these are signs of the body’s fight-or-flight response, which is controlled by the:
sympathetic division of the autonomic nervous system.
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The hindbrain consists of the:
cerebellum, medulla, and pons.
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Juan is watching a basketball game. The neural impulses from his eyes will ultimately travel to his primary visual cortex, but first they must pass through the:
thalamus.
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The __________ lobe is to hearing as the occipital lobe is to vision.
temporal
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Paul has profound difficulty producing spoken language. If his problem is attributable to brain damage, the damage would probably be found in:
Broca’s area.
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Sounds presented to the right ear are registered:
more quickly in the left hemisphere.
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In people whose corpus callosums have not been severed, verbal stimuli are identified more quickly and more accurately:
when sent to the left hemisphere first.
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Hormones are to the endocrine system as __________________ are to the nervous system.
neurotransmitters
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Jenny has brown hair and blue eyes and is 5’8” tall. What is being described is Jenny’s:
phenotype.
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Adopted children’s similarity to their biological parents is generally attributed to ______________; adopted children’s similarity to their adoptive parents is generally attributed to ______________.
heredity; the environment
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In evolutionary theory, _____________ refers to the reproductive success of an individual organism relative to the average reproductive success in the population.
fitness
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For which of the following assertions is the empirical evidence strongest?
The two cerebral hemispheres are specialized to handle different types of cognitive tasks.
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Like a tree. Also, each branch is a telephone wire that carries incoming messages to you.
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Like the insulation that covers electrical wires.
f. Myelin
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Like a silicon chip in a computer that receives and transmits information between input and output devices as well as between other chips.
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Like an electrical cable that carries information.
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Like the maintenance personnel who keep things clean and in working order so the operations of the enterprise can proceed.
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Like the nozzle at the end of a hose, from which water is squirted.
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Like a railroad junction, where two trains may meet.
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A transmitter involved in the regulation of sleep and perhaps aggression.
- b.
- and d. Serotonin and norepinephrine
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Chemicals that resemble opiate drugs in structure and that are involved in pain relief.
e. Endorphins
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A neurotransmitter for which abnormal levels have been implicated in schizophrenia.
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The only neurotransmitter between motor neurons and voluntary muscles.
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Case 1. Miriam is exhibiting language defi cits. In particular, she does not seem to comprehend the meaning of words.
Left hemisphere damage, probably to Wernicke’s area
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Case 2. Camille displays tremors and muscular rigidity and is diagnosed as having Parkinsonism.
Deficit in dopamine synthesis in an area of the midbrain
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Case 3. Ricardo, a 28-year-old computer executive, has gradually seen his strengthand motor coordination deteriorate badly. He is diagnosed as having multiple sclerosis.
Degeneration of myelin sheaths surrounding axons
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Case 4. Wendy is highly irrational, has poor contact with reality, and reports hallucinations.She is given a diagnosis of schizophrenic disorder.
- Disturbance in dopamine or glutamate
- activity, possibly associated with enlarged
- ventricles in the brain or epigenetic changes
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The findings from family studies indicate that heredity may influence a trait if _______________show more trait similarity than _______________.
Closer relatives; more distant relatives
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The findings from twin studies suggest that heredity influences a trait if __________________show more trait similarity than _______________.
Identical twins; fraternal twins
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The findings from adoption studies suggest that heredity influences a trait if children adopted at a young age share more trait similarity with their________________ than their _________________.
Biological parents; adoptive parents
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The findings from family studies, twin studies, or adoption studies suggest that heredity does not influence a trait when ________________ is not related to _____________________
Genetic overlap or closeness; trait similarity
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This 19-century theorist, who invented the concepts of fitness and natural selection, was the original architect of evolutionary theory.
Charles Darwin
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These researchers used axons taken from squid to conduct influential research on the biochemical bases of the neural impulse.
Alan Hodgkin and Andrew Huxley
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In the 1950s, this research team discovered self-stimulation sites in the rat brain, suggesting that the limbic system may include “pleasure centers.”
James Olds and Peter Milner
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This researcher showed that morphine exerts its effects by binding to specialized receptors in the brain, leading to the discovery of endorphins.
Solomon Snyder
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These researchers conducted the original split-brain studies, which demonstrated that the right and left hemispheres of the brain each have their own special abilities.
Roger Sperry and Michael Gazzaniga
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