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Trypanosoma cruzi (New world)
- Vector: Kissing bug (salivarian or stercorarian)
- Disease: Chagas, zoonotic
- Signs: Flu-like (acute) megaesophasgus, megacolon, cardiac disease (chronic)
- Affects: Dogs, man
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Trypanosoma cruzi (Old World)
- Vector: Kissing bug
- Disease: Chagana (cattle) African sleeping sickness (man), zoonotic
- Affects: Cattle, man
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Trypanosoma equiperdum
- Vector: None
- Disease: Equine syphilis
- Treatment: Culling
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Leishmania
- Vector (IH): Sandflies
- Disease: visceral, cutaneous or mucocutaneous leishmaniasis
- Location: Mediterranean
- Signs: Attacks monocytes
- Notes: Recent outbreak among foxhounds in the US
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Giardia
- Vector: Poop, resistant cysts
- Signs: Greasy, pasty, grey diarrhea
- Diagnosis: ZnSulfate solution, standard fecal destroys cysts
- Treatment: Metronidozole, fenbendazole, fenbantel
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Tritrichomonas foetus (cattle)
- Vector: None. Do not live outside of host
- Signs: Abortions, infertility
- Diagnosis: PCR, culture, direct smear
- Treatment: Cull infected bulls, vaccine available
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Tritrichomonas foetus (feline)
- Vector: Poop
- Signs: Diarrhea
- Diagnosis: PCR, culture, direct smear
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Eimeria
- Vector: Poop, oocysts
- Signs: Diarrhea, typically of young (in cattle 3 weeks to 6 months)
- Diagnosis: History, fecal float
- Disease: Host specific, not zoonotic. Herbivores and poultry
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Isospera suis
- Vector: Oocysts in poop
- Signs: Diarrhea in neonates 5-15 days
- Diagnosis: History, fecal float
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Toxoplasmosis gondii
- Vector: IH is mice, under cooked pork; DH cat
- Signs: Asymptomatic in people and cats
- Disease: Congenital toxoplasmosis (man)
- Diagnosis: Oocysts are shed for 10 days - 2 weeks until cat has a titer.
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Neospora caninum
- Vector: Cattle (IH), dogs (DH)
- Transmission: Cattle eat dog poop, dogs eat cattle placenta and aborted fetuses
- Signs: Cattle get abortions, dogs have a congenital ascending paralysis
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Sarcocystis neurona
- Vector: Opposum (DH), horses (IH)
- Disease: Equine protozoal myeloencephalitis (EPM)
- Treatment: Ponazuril
- Note: Exposure rate is high, disease rate low
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Crytosporidium
- Vector: Poop, cysts
- Transmissions: Water supply, capable of autoinfection
- Signs: Yellow, watery diarrhea, typically in immunosupressed. In calves 1-2 weeks of age.
- Treatment: Cattle: None, supportive therapy. Man: Itroconazole
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Cytauxzoon felis
- Vector: Tick (dermacentor)
- Signs: Death
- Disease: Protozoa infiltrate RBCs, cause occlusions and thrombi. Reservoir is bobcats
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Fasciola hepatica
- Vector: Snail (IH), leaves snail and encysts on vegetation, DH are cattle and sheep
- Disease: Black disease in sheep caused by clostridium novii during fluke migration
- Control: Remove snails
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Fasciolides magna
- Vector: Elk/deer are DH. Snails are IH with encysted metacercaria on vegetation.
- Disease: None in wild animals, fatal to sheep due to constant migration.
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Dicrocoelium dendriticum
- Vector: First IH is the snail, second IH is the ant causing them to crawl up blades of grass.
- Disease: Not a major pathogen
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Paragonimus
- Vector: First IH is the snail, second IH the crayfish.
- Disease: Encysted pairs in the lungs, looks like a chain link fence
- Signs: Respiratory distress, hemoptysis
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Nanophyetus slamoncola
- Vector: Salmon (IH)
- Disease: Carrier of neoricketsial disease causing "salmon poisoning".
- Signs: High fever, large lymph nodes, death
- Treatment: Doxycycline for neoricketsial. Could use praziquantel for fluke.
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Diphyllobothrium (Broad fish tapeworm)
- Vector: Fish as IH
- Disease: Usually non-pathogenic, affects dogs, man.
- Treatment: Praziquantel
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Taenia saginata (Beef tapeworm)
- Vector: IH is cattle, DH is man
- Transmission: Oral to fecal for cattle, people get it from eating under cooked "measly beef"
- Treatment: Praziquantel
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Taenia Solium (pork tapeworm)
- Vector: Man (DH or IH), pigs (IH)
- Disease: Neurocystecercosis
- Transmission: Eating under cooked "measly pork," fecal to oral
- Treatment: Praziquantel
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Taenia pisiformis
- Vector: Dog (DH), rabbit (IH)
- Treatment: Praziquantel
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Taenia taenia formis
- Vector: Cat (DH), Mouse (IH)
- Treatment: Praziquantel
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Multicepts serialis
- Vector: Dog (DH), rabbit (IH)
- Disease: Coernus in rabbit causes exopthalmus
- Treatment: Praziquantel
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Multiceps multiceps
- Vector: Dog (DH), sheep (IH)
- Disease: Cause neurocystecerosis in sheep
- Treatment: Praziquantel
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Echinococcus granulosum
- Vector: Dogs (DH), sheep (standard IH), man/horses (IH)
- Disease: Hydatid cysts in IH
- Treatment: Praziquantel (DH), surgery (IH)
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Echinococcus multioccularis
- Vector: Fox (DH), Mouse (standard IH), man (IH)
- Disease: Nodular, metastatic cyst spread
- Treatment: Praziquantel (DH), surgery (IH)
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Dipylidium caninum (flea tapeworm)
- Vector: Flea/lice (IH); Dogs, cats, man (DH)
- Transmission: Ingestion of fleas
- Signs: Itchy butt
- Treatment: Praziquantel
- Notes: Pores on both sides of proglottid (hence the di-)
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Anoplocephala perfoliata
- Vector: Mites (IH), horses (DH)
- Disease: Colic
- Treatment: Praziquantel
- Notes: Like to hang out at the ileo-cecal valve
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Anoplocephola magna
- Vector: Mites (IH), Horses (DH)
- Disease: Non-pathogenic generally, lives in small intestine of horses
- Treatment: Praziquantel
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Moniezia expansa
Weird ass triangular eggs
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Moniezia benedeni
Square eggs
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Spirocerca lupi
- Vector: Beetles and crickets (IH), Dogs (DH)
- Disease: Hypertrophic pulmonary osteopathy (HPO), aneurysms, increased long bone growth, cancer
- Signs: Nodules in esophagus
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Physaloptera
- Vector: Opossum and cats (DH)
- Signs: Vomiting in cats
- Notes: Characteristic eggs
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Toxocara canis
- Vector: Transplacental, transmammary, direct, or transport host (mice)
- Signs: Coughing from pulmonary migration, mostly non-pathogenic, encysted in adults - resistant to antihelminthics.
- Disease: Zoonotic, fecal to oral - VLM and OLM.
- Notes: Females produce up to 200,000 eggs per day. Eggs are very resistant to desiccation, must use live flame or steam.
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Baylis ascaris
- Vector: Raccoon, dogs (DH), man (IH)
- Disease: NLM and OLM, very zoonotic
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Toxocara cat
- Vector: Transport hosts, transmammary, direct
- Disease: VLM (Rare)
- Signs: Same as toxocara canis, although patent infections in adults and young
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Toxascaris leonina
- Vector: Dogs and cats (DH), direct life cycle, transport hosts
- Signs: Generally non-pathogenic, patent infection in young and adult. Non-migratory larvae
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Ancylostoma (Northern hookworm) Unciaria (Southern hookworm)
- Vector: Dogs, direct life cycle w/ penetration of the skin, transmammary or ingestion of larvae
- Signs: Peracute anemia of 10-12 day old puppies, with black, tarry stools.
- Disease: Zoonotic, causes CLM, "creeper's interruption" or "plumber's itch"
- Notes: Lays 200,000 eggs/day, eggs are very vulnerable to desiccation. Peracute condition is prior to PPP.
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Trichuris vulpis (whipworms)
- Vector: Direct
- Signs: Large bowel diarrhea (number one cause in the US)
- Diagnosis: Difficult - intermittent shedders, 2,000 eggs/day in dilute diarrhea. Treat with fenbendazole (panacur)
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Dirofilaria immitis (Heartworm) (canine)
- Vector: Mosquito (IH - take up L2-L3), Dogs (DH -adult and L1) PPP of 6-7 months. Life span of 5-7 years.
- Signs: Coughing, fatigue, exercise intolerance
- Disease: Wolbachia (intraparasitic bacteria) highly immunogenic causing intimal thickening of pulmonary arteries, right sided heart failure.
- Treatment: Pretreat with doxycycline for wolbachia, immiticide to kill adults. High worm burden requires surgery for vena cava syndrome.
- Notes: Resistant strains developing in the Mississippi delta.
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Dirofilaria immitis (Heartworm) (feline)
- Vector: Same as dogs, Cats are not good DH. Life span of 1-2 years in worms. Likely ectopic in cats
- Signs: Vomiting, sudden death, asthma.
- Disease: Heartworm associated pulmonary disease (HARD) after 3-4 months after inoculation.
- Treatment: None. Steroids for asthma, surgery if you must.
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Aleurostrongylus, Filariodes, Capilaria (Lungworms)
- Vector: Direct Life cycle of small animals
- Notes: Eggs look like whipworm eggs (cats don't get whipworm)
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Dioctophyme renale (Giant kidney worm)
- Vector: Dog (DH)
- Disease: Right kidney invasion.
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Habronema
- Vector: Flies (transport), Horses DH
- Signs: Itchy skin, dermatitis - "summer sores"
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Parascaris equorum
- Vector: Direct life cycle (no transmammary or transplacental)
- Signs: Cold like symptoms in foals less than 2 years of age when traveling through the lungs - "summer colds"
- Notes: PPP is 75 days
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Strongylus vulgaris (Large strongyle)
- Vector: Horses (DH)
- Disease: Occlusion of cranial messenteric artery causing colic. Larvae migrate extensively.
- Notes: Long PPP
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Cyathostomes (Small strongyles)
- Vector: Horses (DH)
- Signs: Generally non-pathogenic, minimally migratory.
- Disease: Cyathostominosis - when weather turns in the spring, encysted larvae in the host emerge simultaneously
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Equine pin worms
- Vector: Horses (DH)
- Signs: "Rat tail", itchy butt
- Diagnosis: Scotch tape prep
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Dictycaulus (Equine lungworm)
- Vector: Donkeys (always), Horses (only around donkeys)
- Notes: Horses generally don't develop patent infections.
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Ostertagia and Haemonchus
- Vector: Cattle and goats (DH)
- Signs: Severe anemia in goats (Haemonchus)
- Disease: Hypobiosis can cause seasonal destruction of cells.
- Type 1: Normal life cycle
- Pre-type 2: Larvae enter the mucosa and go dormant in inclement weather.
- Type 2: Emergence from mucosa, destorying mucosa.
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Ascaris suum
- Vector: Direct life cycle in pigs, no transmammary or transplacental.
- Signs: "Milk spots" - pathogneumonic. Pulmonary migration can cause persistent pneumonia - "thumps"
- Diagnosis: Fecal, females shed up to 1 mil eggs/day
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Oesophagostamum
- Vector: Pigs (DH)
- Disease: "Thin sow syndrome" from worms interfering with intestinal motility.
- Diagnosis: Fecal
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Trichuris suis (whipworm)
- Vector: Pigs (DH)
- Signs: Severe, bloody large bowel diarrhea; differential of swine dysentery.
- Treatment: Resistant to ivermectin
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