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Life and death exists at the _________ level.
Cellular
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How can massage therapy influence the health of the cell?
Massage increases blood flow to cells which brings oxygen and nutrients, and takes away wastes.
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DEFINE: cells
Basic unit of life
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Every disease happens at ________ level.
Cellular
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DEFINE: cellular injury
Anything that puts stress on a cell leads to injury
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What are the common mechanisms of cell injury?
- 1. Decreased ATP production- not enough energy
- 2. Increased free radical production- more are produced than the cell can handle
- 3. A buildup of too much calcium within the cell
- 4. Loss of cell membrane integrity- tears or holes in the cell membrane
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What are free radicals?
Free radicals are molecules that lose an electron so they steal from other molecules.
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What are the causes of cell injury?
- Lack of oxygen
- Physical agents
- Infectious agents
- Immunologic reactions
- Genetic derangements
- Nutritional imbalances
- Aging
- Hypoxia
- Ischemia
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A lack of oxygen causes:
Decreased ATP production
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Examples of physical agents are:
- Trauma
- Temp. extremes
- Radiation
- Etc.
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Examples of infectious agents are:
- Viruses
- Bacteria
- Tape Worms
- Fungi
- Etc.
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Examples of genetic derangements are:
- Gene defects
- Chromosome damage
- DNA malfunctions
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Some examples of nutritional imbalances are:
- Too much/ too little of nutrients
- Obesity/anorexia
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Aging _______________ and can ________ some things up.
Always occurs, speed
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DEFINE: hypoxia
Lack of oxygen
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DEFINE: ischemia
lack of blood flow
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What happens to a cell that is starved for blood?
- Decreased blood flow and oxygen delivery
- No oxygen=no ATP production
- No ATP=malfunction of plasma membrane=disruption of ion concentrations within cell
- Accumulation of ions=excess water enters cell
- Organelles swell and malfunction
- Ribosomes don't produce proteins so cell uses other energy sources
- Acidic by-products accumulate and damage nuclear DNA
- Cell membrane breaks
- Cell death occurs
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DEFINE: autoimmune disorder
A disease that causes the body to attack itself
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What are the causes of free radical production?
- Normal cellular metabolism
- Radiant energy
- Metabolism of exogenous chemicals
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Discuss normal cellular metabolism of free radicals:
- Catabolism of nutrients (break down of nutrients and production of energy)
- Body has antioxidants to deal with normal production
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Discuss radiant energy of free radicals:
- UV light
- X-rays
- Radiation
- Dangerous in excess
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Discuss metabolism of exogenous chemicals of free radicals:
- Smoking
- Air pollution
- Pesticides
- Dangerous in excess
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How do free radicals injure cells?
- Lipid breakdown- breakdown and damage cell membrane
- DNA- break up DNA
- Proteins- change shape of proteins and enzymes which alters their functions
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Cells ________ to stressors in their environment.
adapt
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DEFINE: physiologic adaptations
response of cells to normal stimuli
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DEFINE: pathologic adaptations
attempt to escape injury from stressor
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DEFINE: hyperplasia
increase in number of cells in an organ or tissue
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DEFINE: hypertrophy
Increase in the size of cells
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DEFINE: atrophy
Reduction in size of cell
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DEFINE: metaplasia
- One adult cell type replaces another adult cell type
- It is reversible
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DEFINE: dysplasia
- Change in cell size, shape, or organization of components of cell
- It is irreversible (permanent)
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DEFINE: necrosis
- Unexpected cell death
- Progressive enzymatic digestion of a cell
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DEFINE: apoptosis
- Programmed cellular death or deletion
- Cells have natural life span and then they die
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