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what are 4 main features about organisms in kingdom animalia?
- multicellular eukaryotes
- heterotrophs-by ingestion
- carbohydrates reserved as glycogen in liver and some muscle
- no cell walls, have extra-cellular matrix
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what are the 3 types of cell junctions? Briefly describe each.
- tight junctions: no gap b/w 2 cells; fluid can't flow; prevents leakage of materials b/w cells
- desmosomes: no gap but fluid can flow in b/w; anchoring junction
- gap junctions: hole b/w 2 cells; communicating junction
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In kingdom animalia, sexual reproduction is via _________________.
flagellated sperm
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what is the 5 steps of development in animalia?
zygote--> blastula --> gastrula --> germ layers --> direct development to adult form or metamorphosis via larval form
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what are the 4 types of tissue in animalia?
- connective tissue
- epithelial tissue
- muscle tissue
- nerve tissue
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Animal may have arisen from something like _______________________.
choanoflagellates
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How old are the oldest animal fossils? what is this period called?
- about 600 million years old
- Ediacaran fauna
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when did the modern animal phyla appear?
545-525 million years ago = Cambrian explosion
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why the sudden diversity of animals during th Cambrian explosion? (3)
- enough oxygen to allow active lifestyles
- evolution of predator-prey relationships
- evolution of Hox genes
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what are Hox genes?
- small number of genes that coordinate development of different body parts in embryo
- (small change to these=big morphological changes)
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when did animal diversity increase?
Paleozoic era
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The current ___________________ has been the diversification of the surviving groups
Cenozoic era
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describe the era 's and extinctions that animals have gone through since the Cambrian explosion. (6)
- Cambrian explosion
- Paleozoic era
- Permian mass extinction
- Mesozoic era
- mass extinction 65 mya
- Cenozoic era
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what is the animal phylogeny, the branches that follow major innovations?
- protest ancestor= no true tissue (parazoa) AND true tissue (eumetazoa)
- true tissue (eumetazoa)= radial symmetry AND bilateral symmetry
- bilateral symmetry= details of embryonic development= molt AND don't molt
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define radial symmetry.
any slice though central axis divides the body into mirror images
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define bilateral symmetry.
only one slice divides the body into mirror images
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briefly describe zygote, blastula, and gastrula.
- zygote: fertilized egg
- blastula: hollow ball
- gastrula: blastula that pinches in to form a primitive gut with 2 or 3 layers
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what are the 3 germ layers and what part of the body are they responsible for?
- ectoderm (outer layer): "skin" & nervous system if present
- mesoderm (middle layer): muscle; connective tissue
- endoderm: (inner layer): inner lining of gut
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what is the difference between diploblastic and triploblastic?
- diploblastic: having only 2 germ layers (endoderm & ectoderm)
- triploblastic: having all 3 germ layers
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compare protostome and deuterostome development. (4)
- protosome development:
- spiral cleavage
- determinate cleavage (each cell is already determined to be which part of the body)
- 1st opening becomes mouth
- ventral nerve cord
- Deuterostome development:
- radial cleavage
- indeterminate cleavage (each cell not determined to be which part of the body)
- 1st opening becomes anus
- dorsal nerve cord
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Are humans protostome or deuterostome?
deuterostome
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why are protostomes called protostomes and deuterostomes called deuterostomes?
- protostomes means "mouth first"
- deuterostome means "second mouth"
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The protostomes can be subdivided into 2 groups. Name and briefly describe them. give examples for each.
- ecdysozoa: animals that molt ex. arthropods and nematodes
- Lophotrochozoa: animals that don't molt ex. molluscs and annelid worms
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what organisms are in the phylum porifera and what are the 3 main characteristics?
- phylum porifera are sponges
- no true tissues
- no symmetry
- filter feeders
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describe the body of a sponge. (phylum porifera)
a porous "cup" with 2 cellular layers and "jelly" in between them
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what are the 3 basic cell types in sponges (phylum porifera). Breifly describe each.
- epithelial cells: on outer surfaces
- choanocytes: generate current, capture food and incoming sperm
- amoebocytes: in jelly like layer; transports food to other cells, can transform into other cells, produce gametes, spicules or spongin
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what are spicules and spongin and where are they produced?
- spicules: minerals
- spongin: protein
- produced by amoebocytes
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describe the structure and 2 functions of spicules.
- small structures made of silica or CaCO3give stability and make body hard to eat
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Give 2 points on sponges' (phylum porifera) life cycle.
- can reproduce asexually and sexually
- are hermaphrodites
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briefly describe the sexual life reproduction of sponges (phylum porifera)
- sperm swim; eggs held in parent in jelly-like layer
- after egg and sperm fertilize, the flagellated planktonic larvae released and eventually settle on bottom
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describe the 6 main characteristic of organisms in the phylum cnidaria.
- radial symmetry
- diploblastic
- have cnidocytes in tentacles: stinging cells for prey capture and defence
- gastrovascular cavity: with one opening
- have muscles
- have nerve net: no brain or nerve cord
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what are 2 body plans of organisms in the phylum cnidaria?
- a settled polyp
- a swimming medusa
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what are some example of organisms from the phylum cnidaria?
jellyfish, anemones (polyp form) and corals
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what are the organisms in phylum ctenophora and what are there 3 main characteristics?
- are comb jellies
- have 8 rows of cilia
- 2 retractable tentacles with no cnidocytes
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what are some Platyhelminthes characteristics? (germ layers, symmetry, body cavity, body structure, organs, cavity)
- triploblastic
- bilateral symmetry
- acoelomate (no body cavity)
- dorsa-ventrally flattened
- distinct organs and organs systems
- gastrovascular cavity (dead-end gut)
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what are the 3 major classes of Platyhelminthes?
- turbellaria
- trematoda
- cestoda
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describe 2 characteristics of turbellaria in the phylum Platyhelminthes.
- free-living flatworms (not parasites)
- mostly marine
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describe 2 characteristics of flukes (class trematoda) in phylum Platyhelminthes? what's an example?
- all are parasites
- complex life histories involving several hosts
- example: schistosoma
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describe where tapeworms(class cestoda) in Platyhelminthes are found and how the feed? what is the proglottids?
- adults are parasites in guts of vertebrates
- attach to gut wall with a scolex , absorb minerals from the host (in intestines)
- proglottids: body, ribbon of repeating units
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describe 2 main characteristics of phylum mollusca. describe the larvae for different species.
- soft-bodied
- many have calcium carbonate shell
- marine spp. have planktonic larvae
- terrestrial spp. have direct development
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what are the 3 body regions in phylum mollusca?
- foot: locomotion
- visceral mass: internal organs
- mantle: drapes over viscera and secrete shell
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what is the mantle cavity in phylum mollusca? what does in contain?
- space between mantle and visceral mass
- contains gills
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what is the radula and which phylum is in found in?
- radula: rasping tongue
- found in phylum mollusca
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what are the 4 mollusca classes?
- chitons
- gastropods
- bivalves
- cephalopods
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what is one main characteristic of chitons? how do they feed?
- 8 dorsal shell plates
- at night- graze algae with radula
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what does gastropoda translate too? describe the main structures of gastropods? (2) what are some examples? how do they feed?
- translate to "stomach foot"
- most have single coiled shell ex. snails
- some have lost shells ex. slugs
- most are herbivores; some predators
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most shelled species in the class gastropoda in the phylum mollusca show torsion. what is it?
a twisting of the body
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what are some organisms in the class bivalvia?
clams and friends
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describe the physical structure of organisms in the class bivalvia? (2) how do they shells close?
- 2 shells
- hinged at mid-dorsal line
- shells close by abductor muscles
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how do organisms in class bivalvia feed and exchange oxygen?
- use mucus-covered gills to filter feed (no radula)
- have siphons for oxygen exchange and to collect food when in deep water
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what are some organisms in the class cephalopoda, what does this translate to mean?
- squid, octopus
- "head foot"
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describe how the body regions are modified for the class cephalopoda in the phylum mollusca? (2)
- foot modified into arms for prey capture and to transfer sperm for males
- shell reduced
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which classes in the phylum mollusca have closed circulatory systems?
- class cephalopoda only mollusc with close circulatory system
- rest have open (bivalves, gastropods, chitons)
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which class in the phylum mollusca have a well developed nervous system and senses?
class cephalopoda
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what is phylum annelida? describe their main organs and body structure.
- segmented worms
- segmented body has repeating secretory organs, segmented nerves and muscles
- have digestive tract, nerve cords, dorsal and ventral blood vessels that run length of body
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how do organisms in phylum annelida undergo go gas exchange? what kind of environment does it require?
- gas exchange by diffusion across body wall
- requires moist/wet surface to absorb the oxygen from water
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organisms in the phylum annelida have a hydrostatic skeleton. what is it?
longitudinal and circular muscles that push against fluid filled coelom (cavity)
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what are some organisms in phylum annelida?
- earthworms
- leeches
- polychaete worms
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what do earthworms from phylum annelida eat and how is their shape significant?
- earthworms eat dead vegetation (sometimes in soil)
- torpedo shape adapted for burrowing in the soil
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what are leaches from phylum annelida and how do they feed without blood clotting?
- blood sucker or predators
- feed by attaching anterior and posterior suckers to host.
- secrete hirudin which is an anticoagulant that stops blood from clotting
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describe a characteristic of polychaete worms and their body structure. what do polychaete worms include?
- mostly marine
- have parapods: paddle-like bumps on each segment
- parapods carry many bristles called chaetaeincludes free-ranging bristleworms and tubeworms
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what does phylum bryozoa translate too? how do they feed and what do they include?
- "moss animals"
- feed with a lophophore=structure carrying ciliated tentacles
- include encrust shells, seaweeds..tiny individuals form colonies
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what does phylum brachiopoda translate too? who do they resemble, how do they feed? how are they settled on a substrate?
- "arm foot"
- resemble bivalves molluscs
- feed with lophophore
- settle by attaching to substrate with a stalk
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what is the main difference regarding structure between phylum brachipoda and phylum mollusca?
- phylum brachiopoda have dorsal and ventral shells
- verses phylum molluscs that have left and right shells
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what are phylum nematoda? Give 3 main features bout them.
- roundworms
- longitudinal muscles only
- most are tiny and free-living
- some are plant or animal parasites (ex. Ascaris)
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In the phylum Nematoda, what must be molted?
protein cuticle must be molted
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Does phylum nematoda have a body cavity., if so briefly describe it?
yes, pseudocoelem contains fluid under pressure
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which phylum is the most successful animal group?
phylum arthropoda
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what does arthropoda mean and describe what makes them unique.
- "jointed leg animals"
- segmented body: but many segments fused to form body regions
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In the phylum arthropoda, jointed appendages are modified for?
jointed appendages modified for walking, feeding and sensory reception
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Does the phylum arthropoda have an exoskeleton or endoskeleton? briefly describe it.
exoskeleton made out of proteins, chitin and CaCO3 in some species
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why do marine species in phylum arthropoda have CaCO3 in their exoskeleton? (2)
because it gives a harder exoskeleton and it gives buoyancy when in water
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In the phylum arthropoda, what does molting allow?
molting allows for growth, metamorphosis and regeneration of lost appendages
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what are the well-developed sensory organs in the phylum arthropoda and briefly describe each function.
- Compound eyes: for vision
- ocelli: only detects movement
- antennae: used for smell, for feel, can gauge speed of flight
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What kind of circulatory system do arthropods have and how do they undergo gas exchange in both aquatic and terrestrial species.
- open circulatory system
- gas exchange via gills for aquatic species
- gas exchange via trachea (internal pipe system) or book lungs (internal radiator-like structure)
- blood not used to deliver oxygen but oxygen delivered straight by trachea
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what are the 3 living subphylum for arthropods and give some examples for each.
- chelicerata: spiders, mites, scorpians
- uniramia: millipedes, centipedes, insects
- crustacea: crab, shrimp, barnacles
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what are the 2 main characteristics of the subphylum chelicerata?
- have a pair of feeding appendages called chelicerae
- no antennae
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Give 2 distinct feature of spiders in the subphylum chelicerata.
- chelicerae modified into poison fangs
- produce silk: for webs, drag lines, and egg covers
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what is one unique feature of all subphylum uniramia?
one pair on antennae
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describe the main features between millipedes and centipedes in the subphylum uniramia.
- millipedes: 2 pairs of legs per segment, herbivores and nocturnal
- centipedes: carnivores, poison claws in first segment behind head
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what is 2 unique things about insects from subphylum uniramia and what are their 3 body regions and what are their functions?
- 3 pairs of legs
- have wings (2 pairs in most groups)
- head: hold sensory organs
- thorax: for locomotion
- abdomen: contains viscera (internal organs)
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In the subphylum uniramia, How do they undergo gas exchange and lay eggs?
- tracheal system for gas exchange
- females lay eggs through an ovipositor
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The are 2 main developments for insects in the subphylum uniramia, what are they and briefly describe the steps. Give an example for each.
- Incomplete development: eggs--> nymphs--> adults ex. grasshopper
- smaller version of adults
Complete development: eggs--> larvae--> pupae--> adults ex. Caterpillar to butterfly
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In the subphylum uniramia, what are nymphs?
resemble adults but lack wings and functional gonads
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In the subphylum uniramia, what is the advantage of complete development over incomplete development in insects?
- different stages are specialized for different responsibilities
- larvae: specialized for eating
- adults: dispersal stage and sex
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what are 5 characteristics of organisms in the subphylum crustacea? (gas exchange, larvae, antennae, appendages, habitat?)
- 2 pairs on antennae
- 2 branched (biramous) appendages
- most are aquatic
- gas exchange via gills
- planktonic larvae (dispersal stage)
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what organisms are included in the phylum Echinodermata? what kind of symmetry do they have in adults and in larvae?
- sea stars, brittle stars, urchins and sand dollars, sea cucumbers
- penta-radial symmetry in adults
- planktonic bilateral larvae
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what are 2 main characteristics of organisms in the phylum Echinodermata?
- have a water vascular system which is a network of hydraulic canals that end at the tube feet Have CaCO3 ossicles in skin (ossicles=little bones)
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what are 2 main characteristics of sea stars in the phylum Echinodermata?
- predators with 5+ arms
- suction cups on tube feet
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Describe how and what sea stars from the phylum Echinodermata eat.
can pull apart bivalve shells and insert own stomach outside--> release digestive enzymes--> absorb and take stomach back inside
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what are 2 main characteristics of brittle stars from the phylum Echinodermata?
- filter feeders
- no suction cups on tube feet
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what do both urchins and sand dollars have in common from the phylum Echinodermata?
have 5 rows of tube feet
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In the phylum Echinodermata, what is the shell if an urchin called and describe their spine.
- shell= test
- have movable spines
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what do sand dollars from the phylum Echinodermata eat?
eat tiny particles collected from sand or water
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what are 2 main characteristics of sea cucumbers from the phylum Echinodermata and what do they eat?
- elongated
- 5 rows of tube feet
- eat small particles from sediment or water
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