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djwon1
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Amino acid, if R group is not H, the Amino Acid can exist in two ___ forms
enantiomeric
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Modified free amino acids:
small molecules that bind to cell receptors, generally chemical messengers
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Post-translationally modified AAs:
proteins may contain AAs that are modified after they are incorporated into the protein.
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Peptide: __. As the amino group and the
carboxyl group link, ___ is lost.
- a polymer of about 2-100 AAs linked by the peptide(amide) bond
- Water
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A peptide is written with the __-terminal end to the left and the __-terminal end
to the right.
N,C
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The peptide bond is ___ and ___ due to the resonance contribution.
rigid, planar
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Leucine enkephalin
a natural analgesic found in the brain
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Oxytocin
Induces labor and aids in forcing milk from the mammary glands.
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Vassopressin
regulates blood pressure
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protein functions
- catalysis
- structure
- movement
- defense
- regulation
- transport
- storage
- stress response
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Simple protein contain __.
only amino acids
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conjugated protein contain ___.
prosthetic group
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protein without prosthetic group?
apoprotein
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another name of conjugated protein?
holoprotein
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primary
amino acid sequence
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secondary
- 3-D arrangement of backbone atoms in space
- H-bond
- alpha
- beta
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Tertiary
- 3-D arrangement of all the atoms in space
- domains
- disulfide bonds
- salt bridges
- hydrophobic interactions
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Quaternary
- 3-D arrangement of subunit chains
- H-bond
- disulfide bonds
- salt bridges
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proteins with similar amino acid sequences are __.
homologous
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beta sheet, anti parallel
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Supersecondary Structure:
Reverse turns in a protein chain allow helices and sheets to align side-by-side
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Common AA found at turns are
- glycine: small size allows a turn
- proline: geometry favors a turn
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The subunits are called
promoters
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allosteric?
a change in structure on one chain causes changes in structure at another site
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Denaturation due to
- Strong acid or base
- Organic solvents
- Detergents
- Reducing agents
- Salt concentrations
- Heavy metal ions
- Temperature changes
- Mechanical stress
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Stages of Folding
- Hydrophobic collapse
- Molten globules
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chaperones
stabilize proteins while folding, by providing a ‘safe’ environment for exposed hydrophobic regions
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Fibrous proteins have a high concentration of __ or __.
a-helix or b-sheet
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Globular Proteins
bind substrates within a hydrophobic cleft
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Hemoglobin
- tetrameric protein (two a-chains and two beta chains)
- positive allosteric
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