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Four characteristics of public speaking
- Communication between audience and speaker
- Spoken
- Prepared
- Audience centered
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What is the difference between the linear and transactional model
- Linear – I speak, you listen
- Transactional – communication
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elements that make up the transactional model
Message, feedback, encoding, decoding, noise, channels, shared meaning, verbal signals, nonverbal signals, speaker
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three common issues of first time speakers
- Leave too little time for preparation and planning
- Fails assignment
- Focus on length rather than quality
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define the five canons of rhetoric
- Invention – ideas that make up your speech
- Arrangement – how you organizing your speech
- Style – word choice and language in your speech
- Memory – preparation put into memorizing and delivering your speech
- Delivery – presentation of your speech
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generic speech involves
- No audience analysis
- Same speech in same tone
- Audience gets bored and not interested
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the three valuable results that come from a speaker tailoring their message to the audience
- Audience pay attention
- Positive attitude toward speaker
- More likely to be open to message
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define the 4 different types of situational audience characteristics
- Size – how large your audience is
- Time – What time of day giving the speech (4pm on Friday versus 9am on Monday)
- Location – Classroom or audoritium, mic or voice
- Mobility – Moving or standing still
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different ways to select the best topic
- Consider your audience
- Consider your own knowledge and interest
- Consider the assignment
- Consider Speech Context
- Pick a topic and stick with it
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definition of rhetorical purpose
Intended effect on audience
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three types of rhetorical purpose
- To inform
- To persuade
- To mark a special occasion
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definition of specific purpose and what a specific purpose should provide in the speech
- Guidelines of what to include and not include in speech
- Sidelines of football field, in bounds and out of bounds
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definition of a thesis statement
Goal you hope you accomplish
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guidelines of a thesis statement that will help convey the purpose and topic to the audience effectively and accurately.
- Express your intention
- be consistent with specific purpose
- one sentence
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Two reasons researching is important
Evidence and Credibility
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different ways to evaluate source material
- Expertise
- objectivity (bias)
- observational capacity
- Recency
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Benefits of Internet Research
- Fast
- Anytime
- Online journals
- Lots of information
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Disadvantages of Internet Research
- Not always credible
- Most of knowledge is still in books
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evaluate the credibility of on-line sources
- Ads on page?
- Evaluate both sides of the argument
- Other websites with same information
- Links on website are credible?
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the steps to presenting evidence in your speech
- Research and write down all information
- Cite in outline and in speech
- Paraphrase responsibly
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four reasons to use supporting materials
- Build audience interest
- Enhance audience understanding
- Win audience agreement
- Evoke audience emotion
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difference between a brief and extended example
- Brief – one sentence
- Extended example – more than one sentence
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different types of definitions
- Dictionary – what is in the dictionary
- Expert – what an expert says
- Etymological – linguistic
- Functional – how used
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difference between the two types of testimony
- Lay – testimony by average person
- Expert – testimony by person with great knowledge in subject
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the guidelines for using statistics
- Establish context
- Limit number
- Use visual aids
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What is an analogy?
Comparison of two things
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the guidelines for using supporting materials
- Appeal to different learning styles
- Consider audience
- Respect available time
- Use a variety of different sources
- Avoid long lists
- Choose most credible proof
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difference between the types of learning styles
- Active learners – do
- Reflective – think
- Visual – see
- Verbal - hear
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differences between oral and written language
- Oral – incorporates repetition More adaptiveSimpler
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difference between denotative and connotative meaning
- Denotative meaning – dictionaryConnotative – what we think of
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the ways to present your message clearly
- Use concrete words
- Use concise language
- Proper use of words
- Use understandable language
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Understand the language elements
- Jargon – tech terms
- Simile – uses like or as
- Metaphor – implicit comparison
- Imagery – very descriptive
- Gender-neutral – their instead of he/she
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goal of an informative speech involves
o teach audience about something and increases understanding, awareness, and sensitivity to the topic
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examples of the different types of informative speaking
- Objects - toy
- Process – decopodge
- Events- Sochi 2014
- Ideas – beliefs
- People – music singers
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important covets of an informative speech and why
Simplicity and clarity – without those two things, can’t understand a speech
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Be able to define and/or give examples of the different techniques of informative speaking
- Demonstration
- Definition
- Example
- Description
- Narrative
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examples of the different organizational patterns
- Causal (Cause and Effect)
- Spatial
- Temporal
- Problem-cause-solution
- Criteria-Application
- Categorical
- Narrative
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