The flashcards below were created by user
bwood190
on FreezingBlue Flashcards.
-
Perception
- process to assign meaning to the world around us
- comes from experience, observation, and socialization
-
Selection
- First step in perception process
- some data are chosen to attend to, others to ignore
- Helps us simplify our world
-
What do we pay attention to?
- Intense stimuli - louder, brighter
- Repetition - dripping faucet
- Contrast/change
- influenced by motives
-
Organization
data arranged in a meaningful way
-
How do we categorize info?
- Physical constructs - appearance
- role constructs - mom, social position
- Interaction constructs - friendly, social behaviour
- Psychological constructs - personality, insecure
-
Stereotype
- generalization about someone based on association or ASSURED association to members of a group
- some degree of fact
- helps us simplify
-
Punctuation
- determine causal order of events
- how actions are interpreted depends on when interpreter thinks they occured
-
Interpretation
- attaching meaning to sense data
- decode
-
Factors that influence how we interpret events
- degree of involvement with other person - family vs stranger
- past experiences
- assumption about human behaviour
- expectations/anticipation - eg. we'll talk later
- knowledge - about someone's situation
- self concept
- relationship satisfaction
-
Pysiological Influences
- 5 senses
- age
- health, fatigue, hunger
- biological cycles
- psychological challanges
-
Cultural differences
- non verbal behaviours
- value of talk - direct vs. indirect
-
social roles
- necessary, but when too rigid can cause problems, comm breakdowns
- why are we given roles to play? Helps society function
- Gender roles
-
Gender Roles
- Sex = biological differences
- gender = social, psychological behaviours, LEARNED
- 4 psychological sex types
-
4 Psychological sex types
- 1. Masculine - report type, practical, BENEFITS of relationships
- 2. Feminine - value rapport talk, share feelings, nurture
- 3. Androgynous - balanced degree of traits, assertive yet sensitive
- 4. Undifferentiated - Display neither trait. Neutral
-
Occupational roles
type of work we do influences view of the world and how we chose to behave
-
Self esteem
- high self esteem, those who have it often think well of others
- low self esteem, those who have it often think poorly of others
- PERCEPTION
-
Social Behaviours
- how people behave influences how we percieve them
- Implicit Personality Theories (grouping) - one trait forms general impression about an individual
- Halo effect - form positive impression on basis of 1 positive characteristic, and opposite for negative characteristic
-
Implicit Personality Theories (grouping)
one trait forms general impression about an individual
-
Halo effect
form positive impression on basis of 1 positive characteristic, and opposite for negative characteristic
-
Stereotyping
- Prejudice - irrational belief, prejudge, no facts, based on association w/ other group
- Discrimination - acting on prejudice
- Racism - colour
- Ethnocentrism - ethnicity, tradition, culture
- sexism, ageism, able-ism - disabililty
-
Attribution
- process of attaching meaning to behaviour
- as a result of internal or external forces
- sometimes these can be distorted depending on perception of person. eg employee you don't like
-
Tendencies in Perception
- Attribution
- consistency - past behaviour
- distinctness - unique to circumstance
- Consensus - everyone else
- we judge ourselves more charitably - self serving biasWe pay attention to negative characteristics of someone than positive, and ourselves - eg lance armstrong. Need to use 5 to 1 ratio
- we are influenced by what is more obvious eg. kid lashes out at another, its lashing kids fault
- We cling to first impressions, halo effect, quick assumptions about others. 30s to make, 60s to change or secure
- We assume others are similar or different to us eg I'm assertive therefore everyone needs to be spoken to directly. This can lead to problems and stereotypes
-
Self serving bias
tendency to interpret and explain info in a way that casts perceiver in most favorable manner
-
Perception Checking
- 3 part method to verify accuracy of interpretations
- 1. Description of behviour you noticed
- 2. More than 2 possible interpretations of behaviour
- 3. Request for clarification about how to interpret behaviour
-
Considerations in perception checking
- Completeness - if more judgement is risked, more perception check needed. Can be quick.
- Nonverbal congruency - what you say needs to be consistent with how you look
- Cultural Rules - high context culture, ability to read nonverbal cues and can be disrespectful to call someone out. Low context culture, less observant to nonverbal cues, I don't know what you're thinking
-
Empathy
- project oneself into another persons point of view
- experience others thoughts and feelings
- has 3 dimensions
- 1. Perspective talking
- 2. Emotional dimension
- 3. Genuine concern for other
|
|