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Melina.gonzales
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contingent statement
true in some cases, false in some
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tautological statement
- true in all cases
- (P v ~P)
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Law of excluded middle
- Either "this" or not "this," no third option
- (P v ~P)
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contradictory statement
- false in all cases, can never be true.
- (P ⋄ ~P)
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law of non-contradiction
~(P ⋄ ~P)
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Epimenides' Paradox
(a Cretan) "All Cretans are liars"
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Liar's Paradox
"This statement is false"
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"yes, although, but"
( ⋄ )
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necessity: "A is necessary for B"
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"G is sufficient for V"
(G ⊃ V)
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Necessary and Sufficient
( Ξ )
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