PHIL vocab

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contingent statement

true in some cases, false in some
tautological statement
- true in all cases
- (P v ~P)
Law of excluded middle
- Either "this" or not "this," no third option
- (P v ~P)
contradictory statement
- false in all cases, can never be true.
- (P ⋄ ~P)
law of non-contradiction

~(P ⋄ ~P)
Epimenides' Paradox

(a Cretan) "All Cretans are liars"
Liar's Paradox

"This statement is false"
"unless"

( v )
"yes, although, but"

( ⋄ )
"only if"

( ⊃ )
"provided that"
- ( ⊃ )
- same as "if"
necessity: "A is necessary for B"
- (~A ⊃ ~B)
- (B ⊃ A)
"G is sufficient for V"

(G ⊃ V)
"Just if"

( Ξ )
Necessary and Sufficient

( Ξ )