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Why is packaging a coordinated system?
Involves many different layers - Primary, secondary, tertiary...
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Why is food science important for food packaging?
- Interaction between food and package
- Requirements of food determine the efficiency of the packaging
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Why is materials science important in food packaging?
- Developing new materials
- Understand properties of materials
- Modulate properties of materials
- Determine the performance of food package
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What are the different chemical classes of packaging?
- Petroleum based and cellulose based
- Started with cellulose, then moved to petroleum for convenience. Now we are moving back for sustainability
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What was the first use of packaging?
Egyptians believed to be using cast and/or blown glass bottles and jars, and papyrus form of paper for packaging
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How has the composition of glass changed since 3000 BC?
Composition of glass hasn't changed since 3000BC
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What was the first sign of food labelling?
- 20-180 BC
- Greeks labelling olive oil amphora handles, indicating that the oil was produced in Rhodes
- Ensures quality and safety of shipment of oil
- Labelling was uniform
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What was the first flexible packaging material?
- 1-2BC
- Chinese using flexible packaging made from mulberry bark
- Very fragile - not good integrity
- Flexible, cheap, can print on it
- Paper is the first flexible packaging
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Who first invented paper making?
- Chinese developed paper making
- Paper was perfected in the Arabic world 751AD
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When did paper making spread to the rest of the world?
Spread to Europe in 1310 AD and then to North America in 1690 AD
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Why were cork stoppers used to close bottles in 1500AD?
- Need compression/expansion
- Highly elastic with its near impermeability
- Cellular structure can compress/expand
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What did we replace corks with in 1990s and why?
- Replaced with synthetic plastic
- Stops cork taint
- Trichloroanisol
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What is cork taint?
- SH2 is reduced
- Reduction in O2 supply
- Chlorophenol compounds in pesticides and industrial pollutants
- Chlorophenol, with the help of naturally occurring fungi turns to chloroanisol which causes cork taint
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Who invented heat preservation in glass containers?
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What did Peter Durand do?
- 1810 - invents a tin canister for heat-processed food
- Initially made of only iron which rusted
- So coated with tin
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What was the problem with the first 'tin can'?
- Initially made of only iron --> rust problem
- So they coated with tin
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What were the problems with the first mason jars?
Problem of Botulism
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What is the difference between paper and paper-board?
Paper-board is thicker
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What is responsible for the white colour of milk bags?
Titanium oxide
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What is 'sunlight flavour' of milk?
- High exposure to sunlight
- Oxidation of fats
- Nutritive value (vit C and B)
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How is cellophane made?
Made from cellulose and diaphene
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What is a thermoplastic polymer?
Can be melted and moulded again
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What is a thermoset polymer?
Cannot be melted and moulded again
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What are the properties of LDPE?
- High degree of short and long chain branching
- Weaker intermolecular forces
- Low strength
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What are the properties of HDPE?
- Low degree of branching
- High tensile strength
- High barrier properties
- Always opaque
- Similar properties to polypropylene
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What are the properties of LLDPE?
- Linear polymer with significant number of short branches
- High intermolecular forces
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What is PVDC often used for?
Used to coat many polymers to improve properties
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What is the difference between PVC and PVDC?
- PVDC has superior barrier properties
- PVDC has higher chlorine content --> environmental impact
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What is used for boil-in-bag products?
- Perforated thermoplastic PP/PA
- Must be able to withstand high temp
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What are spiral-wound composite juice cans made of?
80% paperboard
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Why are all-aluminum beer cans more cost-effective?
Only have to seal one end
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What is MAP and how is it used for partially baked pizza?
- Modified atmosphere packaging
- Less processed products
- 2% ethanol = 4-5x increase in shelf life
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What are ethanol vapour generators?
- Anti-mold sachet
- Silicon dioxide powder --> 55% ethanol
- Mask ethanol with strong flavours such as vanilla
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What is Fretek?
Ethanol and acetic acid
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How does the government regulate food packaging?
- Type of materials
- How the package is processed
- Labelling/Transportation
- Size/Closure
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What are some reasons for the growth of packaging?
- The industrial revolution
- New packaging materials and equipment
- Changing demographics
- Changes in merchandising
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What happened during the industrial revolution?
- Inventions and machinery led to mass production
- Shift from agricultural to factory workers
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