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michaelirby98
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What is chemistry?
The study of interaction between atoms and molecules
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What is an atom? What do the form?
The SMALLEST unit of matter that enters into chemical reactions.
Atoms interact to form molecules
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3 components of an Atom and their role
- Protons - Make up part of nucleus; (+)
- Neutrons - Make up part of nucleus; 0 charge
- Electrons - Float around nucleus; (-); electron shells
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Atomic Number
The number of proton in an atom
Number of protons cannot change without changing element
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Mass number
The sum of protons and neutrons in an atom
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Isotopes
An element with a different number of neutrons
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An atom can never gain or lose
Protons
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Atoms can gain/lose
Electrons
ONLY lose excess neutrons
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Electron Shells
- Regions corresponding to different energy levels.
- Inner shell holds 2 electrons, electrons in 2/3 shell hold 8
- outer shells (4+) contain 16 electrons
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The arrangement of electron shells is also called
Electron configuration
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Electronic Shell
Electrons are arranged in electron shells corresponding to different energy levels
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How atoms form molecules
Atoms combine to complete the outermost shelll
Atoms are stable when valence is full
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Valence
Number of missing or extra electrons in outermost shell
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What is an ionic bond
An attraction between ions of opposite charge that holds them together to form a stable molecule
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Ion
An atom with a positive or negative charge
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Ionic bonds are common in what type of molecule?
Inorganic molecules
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Compounds that usually dissolve easily in water
Ionically formed compounds (electrolytes)
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What is a Covalent Bond
Covalent bonds from when two atoms share one or more pairs of electrons.
(H-H) single covalent bond; (H=H) double covalent bond ect.
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what is a Hydrogen Bond
Weak attraction between slightly positive H atom and slightly negative (O, N) atom
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Characteristics of H-bonds
- Easily broken by temperature or pH
- Common between H20 molecules, amino acids, nucleic acids
- Results in 3-D shape of proteins
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What causes capillary action?
Adhesion due to H-Bonding between water molecules and glass
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What is Molecular weight?
The sum of the atomic weights in a molecule
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What is one mole?
Molecular weight in grams
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What is a chemical reaction?
Making or breaking of bonds between atoms
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What is chemical energy?
Its energy that occurs during a chemical reaction
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Endergonic
Reactions that absorb energy
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Exergonic
Reactions that release energy
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What is anabolism?
The synthesis of molecules in a cell
Forms bonds and requires energy
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What is catabolism?
The decomposition reactions in a cell
Breaks apart bonds, and releases energy
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Exchange Reaction
Combination of synthesis and decomposition
NaOH + HCl -> NaCl + H20
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Reversible reactions
- Can readily go in either direction
- Each direction may need special conditions
- A+B -> AB (water)
- AB -> A+B (heat)
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Two types of Redox Reactions
- Oxidation - Releases electrons
- Reduction- Causes atoms to receive elections
Essential to biochemical processes
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What is an organic compound?
Always contain carbon and hydrogen
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What is an Inorganic compound
A compound that typically lacks carbon
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Polar molecule
Water
Oxygen has a slightly negative charge and hydrogen has a slightly positive charge
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Symbol for Glucose and Maltose
Glucose - C6H12O6
Maltose - C12H22O11
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What is an acid?
- Substances that release H+ in a solution
- pH < 7
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What is a base?
- Any compound that releases OH- in a solution
- pH > 7
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Salts
- Ionic compunds
- Dissociate in H2O
- Dont release H+ or OH-
- Act as electrolytes
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What is pH?
Power of hydrogen
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What is the best pH for organisms to grow?
Most organisms grow best between pH 6.5 and 8.5
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What is a carbon skeleton?
- The chain of carbon atoms in an organic molecule
- H H
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- H - C - C -
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- H H
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Functional Groups
Responsible for most of the chemical properties of a particular organic compund
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Macromolecules
Are polymers consisting of many small repeating molecules
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Polymers
Smaller molecules
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How do monomers join?
By dehydration synthesis or condensation reactions
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What is a carbohydrate?
- Cell structures and primary energy cource
- Consist of C, H, and O with the formula (CH2O)
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Monosaccharides
Simple sugars with 3-7 carbon atoms
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Disaccharides
Formed when 2 monosaccharides are joined in dehydration synthesis
Can be broken down by hydrolysis
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Oligosaccharides
Consist of 2-20 monosaccharides
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Polysaccharides
Consist of tens or hundreds of monosaccharides joined through dehydration synthesis
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Lipids
- Essential components of cell membranes
- Consist of C,H, and O
- Nonpolar and insoluble in water
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Other name for simple lipids
Fats or triglycerides
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How are simple lipids formed?
Formed by dehydration synthesis with glycerol and 3 fatty acids
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Type of lipids saturated in with Hydrogen and contain no double bonds
Saturated fats
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Type of fat that contain double bonds and fatty acids
Unsaturated fats
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Nitrogen bases
Hold DNA helix by h-bonds
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DNA and its bonds
- Deoxyribonucleic acid
- Has deoxyribose
- Exists as a double helix
- Code for proteins
- A binds with T
- G binds with C
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RNA and its bonding
- Ribonucleic acid
- Has ribose
- Singel stranded
- Role in protein synthesis
- A bonds with U
- C bonds with G
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ATP
- Adenosine triphosphate
- -Ribose
- -Adenine
- -3 phosphate groups
- Made by dehydration synthesis
- Broken by hydrolysis to liberate useful energy
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