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Morgan_001
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What is an articulation?
site where 2 or more bones meet
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Each joint reflects a compromise between:
- need for strength
- need for mobility
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How are joints classified?
structure and function
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How are joints structurally classified?
- material binding bones together
- anatomical organization
- shape of joint surface
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How are joints functionally classified?
- range of motion
- amount of movement allowed
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What are the 3 functional classifications of movement?
- synarthroses
- amphiarthroses
- diarthroses
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synarthroses
very tightly held together
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What are the 4 major types of immoveable joints?
- 1. suture
- 2. gomphosis
- 3. synchondrosis
- 4. syntosis
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Where can you find a suture joint?
skull
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Where can you find a gomphosis joint?
teeth and jaws
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Where can you find a synchondrosis joint?
held by cartilage
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What are syntosis joints?
joints that have become ossified
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amphiarthroses joints
slightly moveable
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What are the 2 major types of amphiarthroses joints?
- 1. syndesmosis
- 2. symphysis
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syndesmosis
bones connected by ligaments
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symphysis
bone separated by fibrocartilage wedge or pad (pubic symphysis)
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diarthrosis
- freely moveable joints
- surrounded by joint capsule
- movement throughout joint
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Fibrous joints
joined by fibrous tissue
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What are the 3 types of fibrous joints?
- 1. sutures
- 2. syndesmoses
- 3. gomphoses
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Cartilaginous joints
- joined by cartilage
- lack joint cavity
- not highly moveable
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What are the 2 types of cartilaginous joints?
- 1. synchondroses - held by hyaline
- 2. symphyses- held by fibrocartilage and some hyaline
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synovial joints
articulating bones separated by fluid- containing joint cavity
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6 general structures of synovial joints
- 1. articular cartilage
- 2. joint cavity
- 3. articular capsule
- 4. synovial fluid
- 5. reinforcing ligaments
- 6. nerves and blood vessels
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What type of cartilage makes up articular cartilages?
hyaline
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What are some characteristics of synovial fluid?
clear, thick, viscous like egg whites
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What are 3 primary functions of synovial fluid?
- 1. lubrication
- 2. nutrient distribution
- 3. shock absorption
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Where can you find fat pads?
in or around synovial
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cartilage pads
- between opposing articular surfaces
- meniscus or articular discs
- pads of fibrocartilage between surfaces
- subdivides synovial cavity
- channel flow of synovial fluid
- allow for variation in shape of articular surfaces
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What is the purpose of fat pads?
- protect articular cartilages
- act as packing material for joint
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Functions of ligaments
support, strengthen, and reinforce synovial joints
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What is a sprain?
tearing of collagen fibers in ligament by stretching
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What do ligaments connect?
bone to bone
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What do tendons connect?
bone to muscle
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Purpose of tendon
not part of joint itself but provide support
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Bursae
- fluid filled pockets in connective tissue
- contain synovial fluid
- lined by synovial membrane
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Where can you find bursae?
where tendons and ligaments rub together
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luxation
complete dislocation
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subluxation
partial dislocation
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What are the 3 ways to move?
- 1. gliding movement
- 2. angular movement
- 3. rotation
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inversion
moving the sole of foot medially
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eversion
moving the sole of foot laterally
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dorsiflexion
dig heel into ground
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plantar flexion
point foot or toes toward sole
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opposition
thumb towards palm or fingers
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reposition
moving thumb or fingers back to anatomical position
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protraction
anterior motion in horizontal plane
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retraction
moving back to anatomical position after anterior motion in horizontal plane
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elevation
movement in superior direction
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depression
movement back after movement in superior direction
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lateral flexion
vertebral column bends to the side
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Which structural joint class:
bone ends/parts united by collagen fibers
is immobile to slightly mobile
fibrous
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Which structural joint class:
bone ends/parts united by cartilage
immobile to slightly movable
cartilaginous
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Which structural joint class:
bone ends/parts covered with articular cartilage and enclosed within an articular capsule lined with synovial membrane
freely movable
synovial
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What are the 4 muscles of the rotator cuff?
- supraspinatus
- infraspinatus
- teres minor
- subscapularis
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