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Look at different examples
Ex 1
2
3
4
- Moral principle within those that makes moral
- Moral principle isn't derived from those examples
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Two types of imperatives
hypothetical and categorical
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Hypothetical imperative
- desired outcome/goal (bring about end desire)
- If ___ then ___ = structure
- ie if I want to be a good piano player, then I must practice (only applies to piano players
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Categorical Imparetive
- Duty in itself
- necessary no matter what for ALL and good within itself
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Categorical Imperatives 2 parts
- Formula of Universal Law
- Formula of Humanity
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Formula of universal law
perfect
- necessary w/o personal input, obligatory
- 1. ourselves (don't kill yourself)
- 2. others (don't lie)
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formula of universal law
imperfect
- necessary but can have personal input
- 3. ourselves (develop your talents)
- 4. others (help others)
can't help everyone but use personal impute to decide who to help
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lying and categorical imperative
when you universalize lying, it becomes impossible and purpose you have in lying is contradicting and inconsistent (ie promise to return money)
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Formula of humanity
when violate this formula, you take away their right to choose/take away their choice
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formula of humanity states
Act in such a way that you treat humanity (being/rational) always that the same time as an end (subject, self ruled), never merely (just/only) as a means
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formula of universal law states
act only on maxim by which you can at the same will that it should become a universal law
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why is lying so bad?
- 1. when I lie to a person, that person doesn't agree to how they're being treated b/c they don't know
- 2. that person doesn't share the end of action
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false promise = treating like ATM
the word promise is like the PIN
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Kingdom of Ends (thought experiment)
- Ideal Community
- systematic union of rational beings guided by the moral law
- members are both sovereign (make rules) and subject (follows rules)
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key to remember in kingdom of ends
if something can be willed in the kingdom of ends, it is MORAL b/c you had to follow the rules you make
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In kingdom, something either has dignity or price
- dignity - CAN'T be replaced
- price - it CAN be replaced
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Why humans have dignity?
b/c we have autonomy
- something is moral if it is compatible with autonomy
- something is immoral if it violates autonomy
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Heteronomy and Autonomy
- Heteronomy - ruled by anything OTHER than reason (ie feelings, what others say, etc)
- Autonomy - govered by REASON
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