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Frank-pledge system
all citizens must detect, control, and punish wrong-doers (middle ages)
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Watches
Government and merchant-financed patrols (through `17th century)
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Parliamentary Reward system
paid those who helped convict a felon (abolished in 1818)
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Thief Taking
paid Criminals to catch criminals origins of criminal investigations (early 1700s)
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English Detective (Bow Street Runners) (1748)
1st early investigators
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Metropolitan police act (1829)
English Legislation that led to the development of he London Metropolitan police the First ever paid uniform police..
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The FBI uniform Crime Report (UCR)
tracks crime statistics nationwide
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Sir Robert Peel
Father of modern policing
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Inspector Thomas Byrnes
- Chief of detectives, NYPD; Developed
- Modus Operandi, (M.O.)
built up a book of photographs of criminals, which he called the "Rogues Gallery" (photo identification)
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Allan Pinkerton
Father of criminal investigations
1st Detective Chicago pd. opened private detective agency
- contributions were
- Surveillance
- undercover work
- strict code of ethics/honest, efficient policing
- Handwriting examination
- 1st female detective
- advocated international police cooperation
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Definition of Criminalistics
The Application of many fields of natural science to the detection of Crime.
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Alphonse Bertillon
- Founder of criminal identification,
- created a new system called "Anthropometry"
- the mug shot
- portrait parle
- 1st in Europe to solve a murder case on fingerprints
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Juan Vucetich
- a Founder of fingerprint classification
- credited to be the first fingerprint classification system
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Francis Galton
known as the first individual to publish a definitive study of fingerprint identification
proved that fingerprints are both unchagning and unique.
demonstrated that mathematically that there are approximently 64 trillion chances to one of matching prints
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Arthur Conan Doyle
writer, known for creating the fictional detective Sherlock holmes and Dr Watson
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Calvin Goddard
Developed the now standard system of tracing bullets and associated evidence to weapons from which they were fired
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Robert Heindl
Criminalist that studied witnesses reliability, and found that witnesses remembered people being older and taller
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Edmond locard
pioneer of forensic science
He formulated the basic principle of forensic science: "Every contact leaves a trace". This became known as Locard's exchange principle.
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Alec Jeffreys
discovered the concept of DNA profiling "genetic Fingerprinting"
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First Forensic Lab
LAPD has the oldest lab (1923)
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CSI Effect
Jurors demand more forensic evidence at trial
Raising the standard of proof for prosecutors
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Detective
In 1853 Charles Dickens coined the term in his novel Bleak House...
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Assignment by priority
larger department assign cases on priority, giving higher priority to crimes against people than crimes against property
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assignment by caseload
each detective gets an equal amount of cases, and all detectives are generalist
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Criminal Investigation
the logical objective legal inquiry into possible criminal activity
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percentage of sworn police officers who are detectives in most large law enforcement agencies
about 10%
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National Crime Victimization survey
The survey focuses on the frequency of crime victimization, as well as characteristics and consequences of victimization
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The Dark Figure of Crime
unreported and undiscovered crime for any reason
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the annual number of serious crimes (reported and unreported combined) committed in the U.S.
about 50 % of crime is unreported
49 million a year
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Define and Describe the desirable traits of the investigator
superior reasoning ability
critical thinking
imagination and curiosity
intuition
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elements of critical thinking
differentiate between fact and oppionion
determining cause and effect relationships
determining the accuracy and completeness of information
Being able to recognize logical fallacies and faulty reasoning
developing inferential skills through inductive and deductive reasoning
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ethics (according to the text)
the normative study of rightness or wrongness of human conduct
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causes of unethical behavior
caused by pressure to make arrests, greed, peer pressure, or "an ends justifies the means attitude"
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Police investigators
a sworn in law enforcement officer
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public investigators
employed by public agencies
such as public defenders, coroners office, etc.
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private investigators
not associated with government agencies
profit-oriented
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steps of scientific/investigative method
state the problem
form the hypothesis
observe and experiment
interpret the data
draw conclustions
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direct evidence
proves a fact without support
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physical evidence
any object or item associated with the investigation (real tangible evidence)
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indirect evidence (circumstantial)
does not directly prove a fact at issue, but establishes a strong inference.
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circumstantial evidence
same as indirect evidence
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competent evidence
responsible evidence, suffiecient to prove a fact has a bearing on the case.
competent evidence can pertain to physical items, documents, and people
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material evidence
has a logical connection with the issue under investigation, and has a bearing on the determination of truth
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relevant evidence
is pertinent and relates directly to the matter under consideration
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documentary evidence
represents or portrays an item
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inculpatory evidence
incriminating evidence (needed to establish guilt)
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exculpatory evidence
clears a person of blame or legal guilt
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define hearsay and its exceptions
relating statements of another person generally inadmissible
- exceptions:
- investigators can testify
- suspects make admissions or confessions
- reference to official records
- res gestae declaration
- dying declarations
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the rule of discovery
allows defense to examine information held by prosecution/police
motions filed early prepare a defense and have experts examine evidence
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probable cause
amount of facts that would lead a reasonable officer to believe a persons is/has/going to commit is in the act of committing or has committed a crime
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search warrant
requires probable cause
authorized by a judge
needs specificity of items and location to be searched
and an affidavit is attached that establishes probable cause
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the different investigative stages
- 1) preliminary investigation - first responders
- 2) in-depth investigation - detectives
- 3) concluding investigation - either results in case suspended for lack of leads, case cleared (exceptional circumstance such as suspect deceased) or case successfully concluded (arrest made and preparing for prosecution)
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ultimate objective of investigations
to determine the truth about how a crime occured
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what criminal offenses have the highest probability of clearnace
Homicide (60%)
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what criminal offenses have the lowest probability of clearnace
larceny
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what is the national average arrest rate of reported serious crimes
20%
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duties and responsibilities of the first responder
after emergencies are handled
protect the scene
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the steps and characteristics of crime scene photography
Coordinated series photos _ general pictures of the scene, than specific ones
measurement markers are used to scale items, two pictures are taken, original and then with the marker
Id data is placed on the photo
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the types of crime scene searches
Grid search (name explains itself)
spiral search (name explains itself)
sector search (each person gets a section like 4 squares)
strip search (the search is serpent shaped)
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Sketches
measured sketches include
rectangular coordinate (2 right angles)
Triangulation (open field, 2 fixed points reference)
Cross projection (exploded set) - 3 dimensional view obtained by drawing an folded box
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various measurements methods
measurement markers used to scale items
measured drawings showing location of items
measured sketches
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crime scene contamination
occurs when evidence is altered, removed, or destroyed in any manner
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maintaining the chain of custody
accounting for the location and possession of an item from collection to the courtroom
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theory of transfer
anytime anyone enters a scene, the bring something to it
when someone leaves; they take something away
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crime scene staging
Attempts to redirect investigation from the truth
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personation
suspect leaves by action or evidence, unique personality traits
repeat/recurring/ritualistic at more than one crime scene becomes a signature
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