Understanding Wide Area Networks

refers to the manual configuration of a router.

implemented by dynamically configuring routing tables.

A dynamic protocol that uses distance-vector
routing algorithms to decipher which route to send data packets.

A link-state protocol that monitors the network for routers that have a change in their link state, meaning they were turned off, turned on, or restarted.

A proprietary protocol used in large networks
to overcome the limitations of RIP

A core routing protocol that bases routing decisions on the network path and rules.

services include X.25 and Frame Relay

communications protocol was one of the first
implementations of packet switching

the packet’s header and trailer information combined.

information includes items such as the packet flag, HDLC (high-level data link control), the from address, information with error detection, and so on

includes items such as the cyclic redundancy check (CRC), which checks the size of the packet for accuracy at the destination computer

entire circuit set

stops

the advancement of X.25 packet switching. It is a newer form of packet switching designed for faster connections

connections to the cloud

you must purchase Frame Relay service from an Internet services or telecommunications provider.

assigned to each PVC that services the organization’s account.

CIR

Br

Be

Usually 126 or 127 (01111110 or 01111111 in binary). Marks the beginning and end of the Frame.

1024 LCNs (Logical Channel Numbers) maximum. Marks the PVC addressing scheme

For congested CIRs and order of priority.

For congested CIRs and order of priority

Usually not in Frame Relay.

If this is 0, it extends the DLCI address to the address extension in the optional fourth byte.

Denotes whether a frame is eligible or whether the CIRs are congested.

If this is 1, it ends the DLCI.

This offers 2 bytes of error checking, similar to the CRC.

telecommunications carrier system is a cabling and interface system designed to carry data at high speeds.

An actual trunk carrier circuit that is brought into a company. Can run as a dedicated high-speed link or have other shared technologies running on top of it, like Frame
Relay and ISDN.

Stands for trunk Carrier 3. This is the equivalent of 28 T1s. It is considered 44.736
Mbps, using 672 64 Kbps B channels.

a digital technology developed to combat the limitations of PSTN.

This is 128 Kbps with two equal B channels at 64 Kbps each for data, and one 16 Kbps D channel for timing. Generally, devices that connect to BRI lines can handle eight simultaneous connections to the Internet.

This is 1.536 Mbps, and it runs on a T-1 circuit. PRI has 23 equal 64 Kbps B channels for data, along with one 64 Kbps D channel for timing.

is a cell-based switching technology as opposed to a packet switching technology.

transfers multiple digital bit streams over optical fibers

is a standard for transmitting data on optical fiber cables at a rate of around 100 Mbps. It uses the ring topology

is a family of technologies that provides data transmissions over local telephone networks.

the standard for the various digital subscriber lines.

can run on your home telephone line so
that you can talk on the phone and access the Internet at the same time.

is installed as a separate line and is more expensive.

is used for cable Internet and cable TV.

is what we use now for “regular” phone lines, and it has been around since the 1940s.

A cabling and interface system designed to carry data at high speeds. The most common of these is the T1.