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refers to the manual configuration of a router.
Static routing
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implemented by dynamically configuring routing tables.
Dynamic routing
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A dynamic protocol that uses distance-vector
routing algorithms to decipher which route to send data packets.
Routing Information Protocol (RIP):
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A link-state protocol that monitors the network for routers that have a change in their link state, meaning they were turned off, turned on, or restarted.
Open Shortest Path First (OSPF)
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A proprietary protocol used in large networks
to overcome the limitations of RIP
Interior Gateway Routing Protocol (IGRP)
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A core routing protocol that bases routing decisions on the network path and rules.
Border Gateway Protocol (BGP)
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services include X.25 and Frame Relay
Packet switching
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communications protocol was one of the first
implementations of packet switching
X.25
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the packet’s header and trailer information combined.
Overhead
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information includes items such as the packet flag, HDLC (high-level data link control), the from address, information with error detection, and so on
header
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includes items such as the cyclic redundancy check (CRC), which checks the size of the packet for accuracy at the destination computer
trailer
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entire circuit set
virtual circuit
-
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the advancement of X.25 packet switching. It is a newer form of packet switching designed for faster connections
Frame Relay
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connections to the cloud
permanent virtual circuits (PVCs),
-
you must purchase Frame Relay service from an Internet services or telecommunications provider.
leased lines
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assigned to each PVC that services the organization’s account.
committed information rate (CIR)
-
-
-
-
Usually 126 or 127 (01111110 or 01111111 in binary). Marks the beginning and end of the Frame.
Flag
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1024 LCNs (Logical Channel Numbers) maximum. Marks the PVC addressing scheme
DLCI (Data Link Control ID)
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For congested CIRs and order of priority.
FECN (Forward Explicit Congestion Notification)
-
For congested CIRs and order of priority
BECN (Backward Explicit Congestion Notification)
-
Usually not in Frame Relay.
CR (Command Response Rate)
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If this is 0, it extends the DLCI address to the address extension in the optional fourth byte.
EA (Extension bit)
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Denotes whether a frame is eligible or whether the CIRs are congested.
DE (Discard Eligibility bit)
-
If this is 1, it ends the DLCI.
Second EA
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This offers 2 bytes of error checking, similar to the CRC.
FCS (Frame Check Sequence)
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telecommunications carrier system is a cabling and interface system designed to carry data at high speeds.
T-carrier
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An actual trunk carrier circuit that is brought into a company. Can run as a dedicated high-speed link or have other shared technologies running on top of it, like Frame
Relay and ISDN.
T1
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Stands for trunk Carrier 3. This is the equivalent of 28 T1s. It is considered 44.736
Mbps, using 672 64 Kbps B channels.
T3
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a digital technology developed to combat the limitations of PSTN.
Integrated Services Digital Network (ISDN)
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This is 128 Kbps with two equal B channels at 64 Kbps each for data, and one 16 Kbps D channel for timing. Generally, devices that connect to BRI lines can handle eight simultaneous connections to the Internet.
Basic rate ISDN (BRI)
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This is 1.536 Mbps, and it runs on a T-1 circuit. PRI has 23 equal 64 Kbps B channels for data, along with one 64 Kbps D channel for timing.
Primary rate ISDN (PRI)
-
is a cell-based switching technology as opposed to a packet switching technology.
Asynchronous transfer mode (ATM)
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transfers multiple digital bit streams over optical fibers
SONET
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is a standard for transmitting data on optical fiber cables at a rate of around 100 Mbps. It uses the ring topology
Fiber distributed data interface (FDDI)
-
is a family of technologies that provides data transmissions over local telephone networks.
Digital subscriber line (DSL)
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the standard for the various digital subscriber lines.
xDSL
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can run on your home telephone line so
that you can talk on the phone and access the Internet at the same time.
ADSL
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is installed as a separate line and is more expensive.
SDSL
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is used for cable Internet and cable TV.
Broadband cable
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is what we use now for “regular” phone lines, and it has been around since the 1940s.
POTS/PSTN
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A cabling and interface system designed to carry data at high speeds. The most common of these is the T1.
T-carrier
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