Psyc

Ceci's theory that intelligence is a function of interactions among innate potential abilities, environmental contest and internal motivation. Innate ability is governed by resource pools. Example. Child good at math, parents put them in area to to do well in math(environment), must be motivated to take full advantage.

BIOLOGY, MOTIVATION, ENVIRONMENT

an individual's ability to perceive, express, and assimilate emotion, and to regulate emotion in the self and others. Though to be selfaware, sensitive to how they feel/how their feelings change and able to manange their emotions

• -used to measure emotional intelligence
• - 12 emotional abilities in 4 branches of abilities
• - perceiving, facilitiing, understanding and managing emotion

the ability to understand and manage men and women, boys and girls - to act wisely in human relationships

• the ability to make sound judgments about important, difficult or uncertain situations and to choose the best course of action
• - associated with age
• -concern for the community at large

• - robert sternberg
• - thinks wisdom is primarily the product of practical intelligence
• - the application of tactit knowledge - know how- to solve problems

• - the ability to produce ideas that are both original and valuable
• - different cultures define differently

requiring verbal and math skills

• - intrinsic motivation
• - imagination
• - game personality ( one that tolerates ambiguity, risk, and initial failure
• - divergent thinking

attemps to measure intelligence with carefully constructed psychological tests, called intelligence tests.

• what IQ tests usual use
• compare scores to others

standardization, reliability, validity

the use of uniform procedures in administering and scoring a test

a statistical patter in which most people achieve fairly similar scores at or near the middle of the distribution, with smaller groups of equal size at either ends.

the score exactly in the middle of a distribution

the average score in a distribution

the score that occurs the most frequently in a distribution

the degree to which a test produces the same scores over time

administer a test once and then a second time, see if scores math up

divide test in two, administer, see if score the same

are we testing what we are meant to be testing

the degree to which the content of a test accurately represents what the test is intended to measure

• a corelation coefficient that measures validity by correlating a test score with some external criterion
• - high iq test, would expect them to do well in school, see if they do

• the extent to which scores on a particular test successfully predct the things it is supposed to predict
• aka, do well on an iq test predicting you do well in school

• looked and evolution and intelligence
• believed in a general intelligence factor proposed that two qualities distinguish more gifted from less gifted people
• made of 2 things - psychic energy and a heighten sensitivity to external stimuli
• people with more energy can do more work and develop greater intelligence
• developed tests for sensory processing, motor skills and reaction time

galton - which later helped challenge his theory

• developed to find children who were mentally retarded and put them in a special class
• focused on language abilities
• introduced mental age
• correlated with scores on achievement test(test of knowledge about particular school subjects) and school success.
• refused to sue test scores to rank children

viewed intelligence as the ability to demonstrate memory, judgement, reasoning and social comprehension

the intellectual age at which a person is functioning, as opposed to chronological age

• changed binet-simon intelligence for the states
• invented the intelligence quotient (IQ)
• advocate for the eugenics movement
• administered test to immigrants (decreased numbers from southern and eastern europe, increased rom northern and western)

• IQ
• terman's measure of intelligence; the ratio of a child's mental age to his or her chronological age, multiplied by 100

• noticed two problems with standford-binet IQ test
• 1.) distinction between mental and chronological age becomes less informative when testing adults
• 2.) biase to native english speakers
• scored IQ from a standard distribution
• put more non-verbal tasks on

• iq test suffer from
• western cultures - emphasize logic, math, verbal fluency
• easter - getting along with others and fitting in with one's environment

• a phenomenon in which people in a particular group perform poorly because they fear that their performance will conform to a negative stereotype associated with that group
• eg. asian math tests.

an observed rise in average IQ scores throughout the world over time

• shitty book stating that people with high IQ's are way better and should get more oppertunities
• racist

• canadian prof at university of western ontario
• claimed IQ went asian > white> black
• refuted
• was racist

• high correlation
• but identical twins are raised and treated by their parents far more alike
• seems that genetics play a big role, but so does environment

• the overall extent to which differences among people are attributable to genes
• approx 50% for iq

a correlation coefficient used to indicate the contribution of heredity to some characteristic, such a intelligence

the upper and lower level of intelligence or other outcomes made possible by a child's genetic nature

• relationship between intelligence and job complexity
• research also shows that more complex jobs my improve IQ
• urban IQ scores higher than rural, maybe due to more complex lifestyle

• both a cause and a consequence
• higher IQ more likely to be promoted from grade to grade, less likely to drop out, more likely to attend college
• students IQ's rise during school years and drop when schooling is discontinued(summer vacation)
• quality of school environment is also a factor (poor schools = bad)

• 1.) racial groups tend to differ
• 2.) high scorers are more likely to attain high levels of education and income

• Plants grown in different soil example
• 1.) environment contribues to variation between groups
• 2.) an average variation between groups cannot be applied to individuals within each group

providing disadvantaged children with more stimulating environments at home and at school

• the notion that listening to classical music will increase a person's intelligence
• not based in fact

• 1.) begin earlier in life and continue
• 2.) are more intensive (more often)
• 3.) include programs for maintaining positive attitudes and behaviours

• used to analyze bioelectrical activity of the brain
• records brain waves

no

• more intelligent people may be physiologically wired to acquire and use information more quickly
• able to recognize a complete image faster tend to do better on IQ test

• correlations between IQ and NCV
• it's the speed with which electrical impulses are transmitted along nerve fibres and across synapses

• a neuroimaging technology that can reveal where and how actively the brain is metabolizing, or breaking down glucose at any given moment.
• shows brain activity
• have shown lower activity in the brains of people who are doing well on a intellectual task and higher for people who are doing poorly

• thickens in chidlrens then thins again in adolescence
• consistent with neural pruning
• most heavy changes in the prefrontal cortex
• found a longer cycle of thin - thickening - thinning in more intelligent people

term describing individuals who display general intellectual functioning that is well below average and, at the same time, poor adaptive behaviour

• 1.) environment
• 2.) intrinsically motivated
• 3.) some lack social and emotional intelligence

the ability to learn, to meet the demands of the environment effectively and to understand and control one's mental activites

• developed a tool for analyzing intelligence
• factor analysis 
• g factor
• s factor

a statistical method for determining wherther certain items on a test correlate highly, thus forming a unified set or cluster of items

• a theoretical specific factor of intelligence underlying all distinct clusters of mental ability; part of spearmans two factor theory of intelligence
• i.e high g, score high on all other areas

a theoretical specific factor uniquely tied to a distinct mental ability or area of function; part of spearman's two factor theroy on intelligence

argued that intelligence is made up of seven distinct mental abilities; verbal comprehension, word fluency, numerical skill, spatial ability, associative memory, preceptual speed and reasoning = primary mental abilities 

• thurstons theory of primary mental abilities
• all distinct, not a reflection of underlying general intelligence

• theory that there is no single, unified intelligence, but instead several independent intelligences arising from different portions of the brain
• he drew on brain damaged patients who lost certain abilities with others unaffected
• also brought in spiritual intelligence, bodily intelligence

• consistent with howard gardeners theory of multiple intelligences
• score low on most areas but extremely high in one

• thurstone - mental functions he identified collectively constitute intelligence. gardner believed that each factor in itself is an intelligence
• Gardner - conducted research in real world settings, believed it was the best way to asses
• added a cultural component

intelligence is made up of 3 interacting components; internal, external and experiential

relates to the internal processing of information, measured by intelligence tests

some tasks are novel and require a special way of thinking (ex. going to russia for the first time)

helps us adapt to or improve our environments or select new environments

• sternberg
• suggested practical intelligence often relies on it
• it is action oriented knowledge, acquired without direct help from others, that allows individuals to achieve goals they personally value