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bioecological model of intelligence
Ceci's theory that intelligence is a function of interactions among innate potential abilities, environmental contest and internal motivation. Innate ability is governed by resource pools. Example. Child good at math, parents put them in area to to do well in math(environment), must be motivated to take full advantage.
BIOLOGY, MOTIVATION, ENVIRONMENT
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emotional intelligence
an individual's ability to perceive, express, and assimilate emotion, and to regulate emotion in the self and others. Though to be selfaware, sensitive to how they feel/how their feelings change and able to manange their emotions
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Multifactor emotional intelligence scale
- -used to measure emotional intelligence
- - 12 emotional abilities in 4 branches of abilities
- - perceiving, facilitiing, understanding and managing emotion
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social intelligence
the ability to understand and manage men and women, boys and girls - to act wisely in human relationships
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wisdom
- the ability to make sound judgments about important, difficult or uncertain situations and to choose the best course of action
- - associated with age
- -concern for the community at large
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balance theory of wisdom
- - robert sternberg
- - thinks wisdom is primarily the product of practical intelligence
- - the application of tactit knowledge - know how- to solve problems
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creativity
- - the ability to produce ideas that are both original and valuable
- - different cultures define differently
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how do western cultures look at creativity
requiring verbal and math skills
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what personal qualities are important for creativity
- - intrinsic motivation
- - imagination
- - game personality ( one that tolerates ambiguity, risk, and initial failure
- - divergent thinking
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psychometric approach
attemps to measure intelligence with carefully constructed psychological tests, called intelligence tests.
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comparative view
- what IQ tests usual use
- compare scores to others
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what must intelligence tests adhere to
standardization, reliability, validity
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standardizations
the use of uniform procedures in administering and scoring a test
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normal distribution
a statistical patter in which most people achieve fairly similar scores at or near the middle of the distribution, with smaller groups of equal size at either ends.
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median
the score exactly in the middle of a distribution
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mean
the average score in a distribution
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mode
the score that occurs the most frequently in a distribution
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reliability
the degree to which a test produces the same scores over time
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test-retest reliability
administer a test once and then a second time, see if scores math up
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split-half reliability
divide test in two, administer, see if score the same
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validity
are we testing what we are meant to be testing
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content validity
the degree to which the content of a test accurately represents what the test is intended to measure
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validity coefficient
- a corelation coefficient that measures validity by correlating a test score with some external criterion
- - high iq test, would expect them to do well in school, see if they do
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predictive validity
- the extent to which scores on a particular test successfully predct the things it is supposed to predict
- aka, do well on an iq test predicting you do well in school
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Galton - Psychophysical performance
- looked and evolution and intelligence
- believed in a general intelligence factor proposed that two qualities distinguish more gifted from less gifted people
- made of 2 things - psychic energy and a heighten sensitivity to external stimuli
- people with more energy can do more work and develop greater intelligence
- developed tests for sensory processing, motor skills and reaction time
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who developed correlation coefficients
galton - which later helped challenge his theory
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Binet-Simon Intelligence test
- developed to find children who were mentally retarded and put them in a special class
- focused on language abilities
- introduced mental age
- correlated with scores on achievement test(test of knowledge about particular school subjects) and school success.
- refused to sue test scores to rank children
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mental ageBinet's Theory on intelligence
viewed intelligence as the ability to demonstrate memory, judgement, reasoning and social comprehension
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mental age
the intellectual age at which a person is functioning, as opposed to chronological age
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Lewis Terman and the Stanford-binet intelligence test
- changed binet-simon intelligence for the states
- invented the intelligence quotient (IQ)
- advocate for the eugenics movement
- administered test to immigrants (decreased numbers from southern and eastern europe, increased rom northern and western)
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Intelligence Quotient
- IQ
- terman's measure of intelligence; the ratio of a child's mental age to his or her chronological age, multiplied by 100
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david wechsler and the WAIS
- noticed two problems with standford-binet IQ test
- 1.) distinction between mental and chronological age becomes less informative when testing adults
- 2.) biase to native english speakers
- scored IQ from a standard distribution
- put more non-verbal tasks on
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cultural bias
- iq test suffer from
- western cultures - emphasize logic, math, verbal fluency
- easter - getting along with others and fitting in with one's environment
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stereotype vulnerability or threat
- a phenomenon in which people in a particular group perform poorly because they fear that their performance will conform to a negative stereotype associated with that group
- eg. asian math tests.
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flynn effect
an observed rise in average IQ scores throughout the world over time
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The Bell Curve COntroversy
- shitty book stating that people with high IQ's are way better and should get more oppertunities
- racist
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Phillipe Rushton
- canadian prof at university of western ontario
- claimed IQ went asian > white> black
- refuted
- was racist
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Family Studies - Twins - Intelligence
- high correlation
- but identical twins are raised and treated by their parents far more alike
- seems that genetics play a big role, but so does environment
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heritablility
- the overall extent to which differences among people are attributable to genes
- approx 50% for iq
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heritability coefficient
a correlation coefficient used to indicate the contribution of heredity to some characteristic, such a intelligence
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reaction range
the upper and lower level of intelligence or other outcomes made possible by a child's genetic nature
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Occupational Influences and IQ
- relationship between intelligence and job complexity
- research also shows that more complex jobs my improve IQ
- urban IQ scores higher than rural, maybe due to more complex lifestyle
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School Influences and IQ
- both a cause and a consequence
- higher IQ more likely to be promoted from grade to grade, less likely to drop out, more likely to attend college
- students IQ's rise during school years and drop when schooling is discontinued(summer vacation)
- quality of school environment is also a factor (poor schools = bad)
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Group differences in IQ scores
- 1.) racial groups tend to differ
- 2.) high scorers are more likely to attain high levels of education and income
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what two principles need to be kept in mind when looking at the group differences in IQ scores
- Plants grown in different soil example
- 1.) environment contribues to variation between groups
- 2.) an average variation between groups cannot be applied to individuals within each group
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environmental enrichment
providing disadvantaged children with more stimulating environments at home and at school
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mozart effect
- the notion that listening to classical music will increase a person's intelligence
- not based in fact
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enrichment-intervention programs of various kinds achieve greater success when they
- 1.) begin earlier in life and continue
- 2.) are more intensive (more often)
- 3.) include programs for maintaining positive attitudes and behaviours
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electroencephalogram
- used to analyze bioelectrical activity of the brain
- records brain waves
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do brain size and total number of neurons effect IQ
no
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brain speed and intelligence
- more intelligent people may be physiologically wired to acquire and use information more quickly
- able to recognize a complete image faster tend to do better on IQ test
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nerve conduction velocity
- correlations between IQ and NCV
- it's the speed with which electrical impulses are transmitted along nerve fibres and across synapses
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positron emission tromography
- a neuroimaging technology that can reveal where and how actively the brain is metabolizing, or breaking down glucose at any given moment.
- shows brain activity
- have shown lower activity in the brains of people who are doing well on a intellectual task and higher for people who are doing poorly
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cortical thickening and intelligence
- thickens in chidlrens then thins again in adolescence
- consistent with neural pruning
- most heavy changes in the prefrontal cortex
- found a longer cycle of thin - thickening - thinning in more intelligent people
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mental retardation
term describing individuals who display general intellectual functioning that is well below average and, at the same time, poor adaptive behaviour
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what contributes to giftedness
- 1.) environment
- 2.) intrinsically motivated
- 3.) some lack social and emotional intelligence
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intelligence
the ability to learn, to meet the demands of the environment effectively and to understand and control one's mental activites
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spearman and the g factor
- developed a tool for analyzing intelligence
- factor analysis
- g factor
- s factor
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factor analysis
a statistical method for determining wherther certain items on a test correlate highly, thus forming a unified set or cluster of items
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g factor
- a theoretical specific factor of intelligence underlying all distinct clusters of mental ability; part of spearmans two factor theory of intelligence
- i.e high g, score high on all other areas
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s factor
a theoretical specific factor uniquely tied to a distinct mental ability or area of function; part of spearman's two factor theroy on intelligence
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thurstone and primary mental abilities
argued that intelligence is made up of seven distinct mental abilities; verbal comprehension, word fluency, numerical skill, spatial ability, associative memory, preceptual speed and reasoning = primary mental abilities
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primary mental abilities
- thurstons theory of primary mental abilities
- all distinct, not a reflection of underlying general intelligence
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Howard Gardner's Theory of Multiple Intelligences
- theory that there is no single, unified intelligence, but instead several independent intelligences arising from different portions of the brain
- he drew on brain damaged patients who lost certain abilities with others unaffected
- also brought in spiritual intelligence, bodily intelligence
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savant syndrome
- consistent with howard gardeners theory of multiple intelligences
- score low on most areas but extremely high in one
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differences between gardners and thurstones
- thurstone - mental functions he identified collectively constitute intelligence. gardner believed that each factor in itself is an intelligence
- Gardner - conducted research in real world settings, believed it was the best way to asses
- added a cultural component
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Robert sternberg's triachic theory of intelligence
intelligence is made up of 3 interacting components; internal, external and experiential
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Sternberg - internal (analytic)
relates to the internal processing of information, measured by intelligence tests
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sternberg - external (creative)
some tasks are novel and require a special way of thinking (ex. going to russia for the first time)
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sternberg's - experiential
helps us adapt to or improve our environments or select new environments
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facit knowledge
- sternberg
- suggested practical intelligence often relies on it
- it is action oriented knowledge, acquired without direct help from others, that allows individuals to achieve goals they personally value
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