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Research Methods Exam 2
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2 reasons you should care about ethics
respect for participants' rights
protect yourself legally
2 sources of info on ethics
apa statement
institutional review boards
risk benefit rule
benefits should outweigh risks
4 rules of ethics
informed consent
freedom from coercion
confidentiality
debriefing
internal validity
extent to which a set of research findings provides compelling information about
causality
low internal validity means not sure of cause and questionable findings
John Stuart Mill's 3 principles
covariation
temporal sequence
eliminating confounds
covariation
changes in one variable must correspond with changes in another variable
cause and effect correlate
temporal sequence
changes in thefirst variable must precede the changes in the second
cause must come before effect
eliminating confounds
must rule out other explanations
also known as "third variable problem"
external validity
extent to which a set of research findings providesan accurate description of what typically happens in the real world
high generalizability
means the study will apply to other people too
internal validity vs. external validity
internal - accuracy
external - generalizability
construct validity
are you measuring or manipulating what you want
good operational definitions lead to high construct validity
3 threats to construct validity
confounding variable
random error
poor measurement
conceptual validity
how well a hypothesis maps on to the broader theory that it was designed to test
measurement
assigning numbers or names to objects and their attributes
4 types of measurement
verbal
behavioral
behavioroid
physiological
verbal measurement
verbal response
example
: pain scale
behavioral measurement
real behavior
example
: avoiding someone
behavioroid
participants report on their own behavior
example
: condom use
physiological measurement
biological processes
example
: brain imaging
indicators of theoretical constructs
what we can observe
operationalization of theoretical constructs
finding good indicators of theoretical constructs
4 types of measurement scales
nominal
ordinal
interval
ratio
reliability
consistency and repeatability of a study
3 types of reliability
inter-observer
internal consistency
temporal consistency
inter-observer reliability
different people judge and agree
used to study behavior or products of behavior (writing sample)
internal consistency reliability
multiple items are combined to create a score
used with self-report scales or observations
temporal consistency reliability
used to assess something that doesn't change on a regular basis
test a group of people and then have them come back a second time to test them again
test-retest reliability
: over the span of 2 weeks, do you get the same score?
"more is better" rule of reliability
more items (indicators, observers, observations, and occasions) lead to better reliability
less vulnerable to chance
3 construct validity of scales
predictive
convergent
discriminant
predictive construct validity
is the measure useful?
convergent construct validity
are we assessing what we want?
discriminant construct validity
are we assessing the wrong thing?
reliability vs. validity
a study can be reliable but not necessarily valid
example
: a broken scale consistently reads 5 lbs over but your weight is not 5 lbs over
2 challenges of self-report questions
judgement phase
response translation phase
judgement phase
participants determine what kind of question is being asked and form some initial response
pilot testing
practice studies designed to help researchers refine measures in the real study
focus group
small and well represented group of people
open-ended questions
allow participants to respond any way they like without a structured scale
4 ways to word questions well
KISS (informal language)
avoid negations and double negatives
avoid forced-choice items (double barreled)
avoid questions that do not yield variance
anchors
adjectives that lend meaning to the numbers on the scale
1 = not at all
5 = extremely
EGWA scale
empirically grounded and well anchored
3 steps to designing questionnaires
step back and think
write lots of questions
analyze your scale and derive the best items
absolute scales
participants report magnitude
how many cigarettes do you smoke a day?
likert scale
rating scale
Author
nthor
ID
264540
Card Set
Research Methods Exam 2
Description
exam 2
Updated
3/2/2014, 1:01:15 AM
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