IPHY 2

• Water formed by cells as a metabolic by product
• Made by body

• Blood going through the kidney once
• Blood circulation goes through the kidney 300 times a day

Substances that increase urine output

• Most plentiful mineral in human body
• 99% is in bones and teeth
• 1% is in extracellular fluid
• Uses 1% first

• Major positively charged ion in extracellular fluid
• Conducts nerve impulses
• Involved in transporting glucose and amino acids in cells

• Condition characterized by persistently elevated blood pressure
• Affects ~30% of American adults
• Increases risk of Heart disease, stroke, kidney failure

Maximum blood pressure within arteries when ventricles of the heart contract

Pressure when ventricles relax between contractions

• Major positively charged ion in intracellular fluid
• Needed for nerve impulses, contracting muscles, and kidney function
• Potassium-rich diets may reduce blood pressure

• Particles in >300 chemical reactions
• Regulation of muscle and nerve function
• Maintenance of strong bones
• Strengthening the immune system

Iron-containing protein in RBC that transports oxygen to tissues and some CO2 away from tissues

Iron-containing protein in muscle cells that controls oxygen uptake from RBC

• A component of about 100 enzymes 
• Needed for Wound healing, Normal of taste and smell, DNA synthesis, Immune function

• Required for normal thyroid function and production of thyroid hormone
• Thyroid hormone controls metabolic rate
• In U.S. some table salt is fortified with iodide to prevent deficiency

• Many are antioxidants
• May reduce risk of certain cancers
• Keshan's disease

• Factors influencing the risk of osteoporosis include:
• Age
• Gender
• Genetics
• Nutrition
• Physical Activity

Very dense tissue making up 80% of skeleton

• "Scaffolding" on the inside of bones: supports cortical bones & makes up 20% of the skeleton
• Osteoporosis occurs here

Increase in bone size; completed by age 14 in girls and 17 in guys

Shaping of bone; completed by early adulthood

Reshaping of bone

• Bone remodeling
• Surface of bones is broken down

• Bone remodeling
• Cells that erode the surface of bones

Leads to increased bone loss due to a lack of estrogen

Wrist or forearm fracture

Spinal vertebrae fracture

• Complex organic compound that is not made by the body - or made in amounts that are enough to maintain good health
• Causes a deficiency disorder when it is missing from the diet

• Associated with lipids in foods and the body
• Do not dissolve in water, stored in the body and may be toxic

• Dissolve in watery components of foods and the body
• Excreted in urine
• Most are not stored to a major extent, generally non toxic

A substance that gives up electrons to stabilize free radicals

• Most absorption occur in small intestine (absorption is not 100% efficient)
• Absorption increase when more of vitamins is needed

• Retinol/Beta-carotene/Carotenoids
• Normal vision and reproduction
• Cellular growth
• Immune system activity
• Epithelial cell production and maintenance

• Tough protein found in hair nails and outermost layers of skin
• Excess: Skin becomes rough and bumpy
• Inner eyelid cells that normally secrete mucus to protect cornea become keratinized

• May lead to liver damage
• Yellowing of skin due to excessive beta-carotene intake

• Metabolism of calcium & phosphorus
• Production & maintenance of healthy bones

• Major fat-soluble antioxidant found in cell (protects polyunsaturated fatty acids)
• Improves vitamin A absorption
• Maintains nervous system and immune system function

Excess may interfere with vitamin K's role in blood clotting

May occur in newborns or people with impaired liver functions or absorption, on long term antibiotic therapy

• Part of coenzyme involved in release of energy from carbohydrates
• Metabolism of certain amino acids
• Synthesis of neurotransmitters

• Thiamin deficiencies
• Weak, have poor muscular coordination, and may develop cardiovascular problems and edema.

Typically seen in alcoholics, because alcohol decreases absorption and increases excretion

• Not part of coenzyme
• Collagen synthesis (protein that gives strength to connective tissues)
• Antioxidant activity

Kidney stones, particularly in susceptible persons

• Have a high concentration of critical nutrients 
• Low in calories
• Reverse the effects of the major diseases

• Berry from rainforests of Brazil
• Tastes like berries and c hocolate
• High in fiber

• High Antioxident
• Helps with how fast you recover after a workout

• EFAs (omega 3)
• High in Fiber
• High in Protein
• Low glycemic index
• Cheap

• High in fiber and protein - good for weight loss
• Phytoestrogens - Act as estrogen mimic, help with lower breast cancer for women
• Protease inhibitors
• Cholesterol lowering
• Inexpensive and available

• Vitamin C
• Carotenoids
• Vitamin K
• Folate

• Lowered blood glucose
• Lowered triglycerides 
• Lowered LDLs and cholesterol
• Antibacterial - E.Coli
• Makes us think better

• Medicinal properties (India)
• Improves cardiovascular health
• Anxiety and stress - Help with these

• Helps with blood pressure, cholesterol, and Inflammation
• Iron and calcium
• Omega 3s

• Cardiovascular health- raise HDL and lower LDL
• Powerful antibacterial
• Lutein
• Manganese, Vitamins A, C, and K

• Fat Omega 3 and monounsaturated
• Good fat
• LDL/HDL

• Omega-3s
• Eye and cardiovascular health
• Protects skin
• Fights depression
• Vitamin D

• South American fruit
• Vitamin C
• Lycopene in skin
• Potassium
• Some Lycopene and fiber is lost in juices

• Omega 3s
• Cancer prevention
• NuVal- Highest NuVal "nut" score in the stores

• Sulfur compounds - Allicin family
• Allicin Family - A lot of cruciferous veggies
• Good source of B6 and Vitamin C

• Carotenoids
• Vitamin C and A
• Potassium
• Fiber
• Loses a lot of Vitamin A during frying process

• Antioxidant
• Capsaicin - Make it hot

• Iron and fiber
• Low glycemic index
• Cardiovascular health (clears arteries)
• Anti-inflammatory

• Inhibit blood clots (atherosclerosis)
• Reduces chronic inflammation
• Cacao Levels = how much dark chocolate is in it, the higher the cacao level, the healthier it is

• Body water
• Mineral rich tissues
• Protein rich tissues

• Adipose tissue
• Essential fat in cell membranes, certain bones, and nervous tissue

• Sub = under
• Cutaneous = skin
• Helps insulate
• Protects muscles & bones from injury

Form protective structure under abdominal muscles and over stomach & intestines

• Measure conduction of a weak electrical current through the body
• Problem: Method can be reliable if body hydration status is normal
• Scientific data about accuracy of devices designed for home use are lacking

Require energy

Releases energy

Sense that enough food was eaten

Hormone, secreted mainly by stomach that stimulates eating behavior

Hormone, secreted by adipose cells that reduces hunger and inhibits fat storage in the body

• Sustained, rhythmic contractions of large muscle groups
• Raises heart rate giving the heart an effective workout

• Activities that increase muscle mass and strength
• Resistance exercises also increase bone mass

• Cells obtain energy through a series of chemical reactions
• First catabolism of glucose, fatty acids, amino acids, or alcohol

• Without oxygen
• Overdoing, go into this mode
• Sloppy and inefficient
• Is the backup

• With oxygen
• If oxygen is available, pyruvate can enter aerobic respiration pathways

• Maximal oxygen intake during vigorous physical exertion (VO2 max)
• The point that you cannot carry on normal conversation because of increased breathing rate.

• Manipulating physical activity and dietary patterns, a few days before an event.
• Goal is to increase muscle glycogen stores