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Name some growth factors and hormones that stimulate cell growth?
EGF, VEGF, G-CSF
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What are mitogens?
Interleukins that stimulate proliferation of lymphocytes
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What are the phases of the cell cycle?
- G1= growth phase
- S= DNA synthesis
- G2= growth phase 2
- M= mitosis
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What is known as the resting phase?
G0, rest or non-cycling cells
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WHat is prophase?
chromatin condensation, mitotic spindle
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What is prometaphase?
movement of chromosomes to middle of cell
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What is metaphase?
Further condensation and alignment at central axis, two chromatids per chromoson
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What is anaphase?
segregation/migration of chromatids towards opposite poles
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What is telophase?
migration complete and they disperse, nuclear membrane forms
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What is a neoplasm?
A clonal process that results in heterogeneity, unregulated proliferation that becomes autonomous
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What two forms of gastric cancer are assoc. with H. Pylori?
Gastic carcinoma and gastric lymphoma
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What are some descriptors or epithelial dysplasia (also in malignant neoplasms)
- 1. Nuclear pleomorphism
- 2. Hyperchromatic nuclei
- 3. Large nucleoli
- 4. Inc nucleus-to-cytoplasm ratio
- 5. High rate of adnormal mitosis
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What is epithelial dysplasia known as in cervix?
Cervical intraepithelial neoplasia
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Dysplasia in the skin?
Actinic keratosis
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What are two important factors in cancer success?
- 1. Transformed cell
- 2. Assoc. stromal cells
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A neoplasm consists of ?
Parenchyma (tumor cells) and stroma (assoc. non-tumor cells)
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Malignant tumors with the prefix sarcoma means?
They have little connective tissue stroma, so they are fleshy
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Malignant tumors with the prefix carcinoma means?
Derived from any of the three germ layers
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What is the benign counterpart of melanoma?
Melanocytic nevus
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What is choristoma?
mophorphologically normal tissue in the wrong place
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What is a hamartoma?
mass of disorganized buy mature cells/tissues normal to the specific site
developmental anomaly
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Tumor growth rate depends on three factors?
- 1. The doubling time of tumor cells (109 doubling needed for clinical detection of tumor)
- 2. fraction of tumor cells that are in the replicative pool
- 3. Rate of cell shedding or death
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Metastasis has routes, what are they?
Lymphatics: sentinenl lymph node "1st node that receives flow from primary tumor"
Hematogenous: veins more likely to liver lungs and vertebrae
Direct seeding of body cavities: pertioneal cavity most common
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Name the seven fundamental changes of malignant phenotype?
- 1. Self-sufficiency in growth signals
- 2. Insensitivity to signals that inhibit growth
- 3. Resistance to apoptosis
- 4. Defects in DNA repair
- 5. No limits on replicative potential
- 6. Sustained angiogensis
- 7. can metastasize
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How many alleles need to be damaged to convert protooncogenes to oncogenes?
One
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How many alleles to make a tumor suppressor gene stop growth inhibition (p53, Rb)?
Both alleles
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Genes that regulate apoptosis need one or both alleles damaged to stop regulation of apoptosis?
One or both
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Genes involved in DNA repair need how many alleles damaged to go haywire?
Both
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What is central to malignant transformation?
Cell cycle control loss of normal
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What is the Rb gene in charge of?
Cell cycle restriction point
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Loss of function of both copies of Rb gene is seen in these cancers?
- 1. Retinoblastoma
- 2. Osteosarcoma
- 3. Lung-small cell carcinoma
- 4. Adenocarcinoma
- 5. Bladder carcinoma
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What is a major cause of genetic instability in cancer cells?
Defect in cell cycle checkpoint components
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What is the first checkpoint in the cell cycle?
G1/S transition
regulated by p53, evas DNA damage, if not repaired cell death is initiated
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What is the second checkpoint in the cell cycle?
G2/M transition
Check quality of new DNA, p53 or other tumor suppressor genes work here
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Name some other tumor suppressor genes?
E-cadherin: cell adhesion (carcinoma of stomach)
APC/B-catenin: signal transduction regulation (carcinoma stomach, colon, pancreas; melanoma, Familial adenomatous polyposis coli/colon cancer)
RB1: regulation of cell cycle (retinoblastoma)
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What syndrome is assoc. with mutated suppressor gene p53?
Li-Fraumeni syndrome: Inheritance of one bad p53 allele makes an individual 25 times more likely to have cancer by age 50 yrs
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Which genes in HPV interfere with cell cycle regulation?
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What are koilocytes?
Infected keratinocytes with perinuclear clearing
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What are the precursors to HPV-negative SCC?
- 1. loss of cell polarization
- 2. Expansion and crowding of basal layer, budding bulbous rete ridges
- 3. Disturbance in cell differentiation (premature differentiation or lack of it)
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Some uncommon types of oral SCC?
- 1. Verrucous (shiny carpet)
- 2. Spindle-cell
- 3. Papillary
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What chemo med for SCC?
Cisplatin
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What are some biologicals in trial phase for SCC?
- 1. Cetuximab (blocks EGFR)
- 2. STAT3 Inhibitor
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What are the two vaccines for HPV?
Gardasil (types 16,18,6,11)
Cervarix (types 16,18)
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HPV positive SCC is more susceptible to chemo and radiation
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