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i. Microsporidiams
1. Has __of animals and __ and __, but lack __(3)__
2. Characterized by the presence of a __ that shoots out of __ and does what of the host cellà contents injected into host cellà __-->multiply, relying on host cell for __
- spore-forming unicellular parasits
- well-defined nuclei and plasma membranes
- mitochondria, stacked Golgi and peroxisomes
- polar tube
- unicellular spores
- penetrates the plasma membrane
- infectionà
- energy
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1. Cell wall is made of __ and __
a. Chitin provides the spores with __
2. Some reproduce __, others __
3. Most infect insects, but others infect fish and vertebrates
proteins and chitin
high resistance to unfavorable conditions
sexually, others asexually
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i. Chytrids
1. Mostly __and some soils
2. Vary in __ and __
3. Cell walls contain __and they store __
4. Nuclear envelope remains intact until __, when it breaks in a __ and then reforms around the daughter nuclei
- aquatic
- sexual interacitons and life histories
- chitin
- glycogen
- late telophase
- median plane
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1. Almost all are __with few __
2. They are distinguished by their __ (zoospores and gametes), which have a __
- coenocytic
- septa
- characteristic motile cells
- single, posterior, smooth flagellum
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Describe the body?
- a. Some are unicellular with no mycelium
- i. This organism is transformed into a reproductive structure
- b. Others have rhizoids that extend into the substrate and serve as an anchor
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a. Some species are __and one species does what to frogs?
b. Several are __, causing diseases like black wart disease of potatoes
2. Reproduction
a. Some have __
b. Others have __
- parasites
- thickened skin of amphibians-->frog die-offs
- plant pathogens
- alternation of isomorphic generations
- alternation of heteromorphic generations
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Zygomycetes
__ group.
Location:?
May cause?
- 1. Polyphyletic group
- 2. Location: decaying plant and animal matter in the soil; some are parasites of plants, insects, or small soil animals
- 1.
May cause infection in humans and domestic animals
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Zygomycetes cont.
- Structure
- 1. Structure:
- a. Most have coenocytic hypha, within which the cytoplasm can be seen streaming rapidly
- b. They are recognized by their rapidly growing hyphae
- c. Some are unicellular, yeastlike
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reproduction of zygomycetes
- 1. Reproduction:
- a. Asexual spores are produced in specialized sporangia borne on the hyphae
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1. __ is a black mold that forms cottony masses on carbohydrate rich foods
a. its __is composed of several distinct kinds of __ that consists of rapidly growing, __ that grow through substrate, absorbing nutrients
i. from these hyphae, arching hyphae called __are formed
- Rhizopus stolonifer
- mycelium
- haploid hyphae
- coenocytec hyphae
- stolons
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1. stolons form __wherever their tips come into contact with the substrate
a. from each of these points, a sturdy, erect branch arises, which is called a __because __
- rhizoids
- sporangiophore
- it produces a spherical sporangium at its apex
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i. How does each sporangium begin?
ii. the __is cleaved and the cell wall forms around each of the __ to form __
iii. as the wall matures, it becomes __, giving the mold its characteristic color; with the breaking of the sporangium wall, the spores are liberated, and each spore can germinate to produce a new __, completing the __
each sporangium begins as a swelling, into which a nucleus flows and is isolated by formation of a septum
protoplasm
- asexually produced nuclei
- spores
black
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1. Zygomycetes named for the formation of __, which develop within thick-walled structures called __in species that reproduce sexually
a. The zygospores remain __
b. Sexual reproduction in R. stolonifer requires what?
- sexually produced resting spores called zygospores
- zygosporangia
- dormant
- the presence of two physiologically distinct mycelia, designated + and – strains
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i. When two compatible individuals are in close proximity, what happens?
1. Species that require + and – strains for sexual reproduction are __, whereas self-fertile species are called __
- they produce hormones that cause outgrowths of the yphae to come together and develop into gametangia
- heterothallic
- homothallic
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1. The __become separated from the rest of the fungal body by the formation of __
a. The walls between the two touching gametangia __, and the two __ come together
i. Following __(fusion of the two multinucleate gametangia), what happens?
- gametangia
- septa
- dissolve
- multinucleate protoplasts
- plasmogamy
- the + and – nuclei pair, and a thick walled zygosporangium produced
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i. Inside the __, the paired + and – nuclei fuse to form __ which develop into a single __
At the time of germination, the zygosporangium does what?
- zygosprangium
- diploid nuclei
- multinucleate zygospore
- cracks open and a sporangiospore emerges from the zygospore
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a. Meiosis occurs at the time of __, so the spores produced asexually within the new sporangium are haploid
When does the cycle begin again
- germination
- when the spores germinate
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Ecological significance of zygomycetes?
1. Entomophthorales is parasitic on insects and other small animals; other species are used for biological control of insect pests of crops
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Disease of zygomycetes?
1. Rhizopus causes soft rot of flowers fruis, seeds ect. And Choanephora causes soft rot of squash, pumpkin, etc.
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Glomeromycetes:
Ecological importance
- 1. Ecological importance is major
- a. Symbiotic: mycorrhizas
- i. Cannot be grown independently of their host palnats
- ii. They form arbuscular mycorrhiza (AM fungi)
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Glomeromycetes:
1. Widespread and occur in about 80% of __
2. Reproduction:
a. __ and reproduce only __by means of unusually large __, which are produced underground
- vascular plants
- Coenocytic hyphae
- asexually
- multinucleate spores
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