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Sbjohnson
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How does the surface tension of water compare with the surface tension of most other liquids?
Water's surface tension is higher than most.
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What effect does a wetting agent (Surfactant) have on surface tension?
A surfactant is any substance that interferes with the hydrogen bonding between water molecules and thereby reduces surface tension.
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What is the shape of the water molecule?
The molecule has a bent shape between oxygen and hydrogen.
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What is the bond angle of a water molecule?
Approximately 105°
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What force holds water molecules together in the liquid state?
Covalent bonds
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Which atom in a water molecule is more of electronegative?
Oxygen
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What are the bonds between adjacent water molecules called?
Hydrogen bonds
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What causes Brownian motion in the colloidal suspensions?
Collisions of the molecules of the dispersion medium with the small, dispersed colloidal particles
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What is an emulsion?
- A colloidal dispersion of a liquid in a liquid.
- For example oil will mix with water in the presence of soap
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What does an emulsifying agent typically have?
One end is just polar and is attracted to water molecules, and the other end is nonpolar and soluble in oil or grease
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Which types of compounds are soluble in water?
- Ionic compounds
- Polar covalent molecules
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Which type of compounds are soluble in a nonpolar solvent like C6H6?
Nonpolar covalent molecules
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Which type of compounds form electrolytes?
Ionic compounds
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How do you recognize compounds that form electrolytes?
- They dissolve in water
- They conduct an electric current in an aqueous solution
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Which type of compounds form non-electrolytes?
Compounds that do not have ions
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How do you recognize a nonelectrolyte?
It doesn't conduct an electric current in a solution
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What type of compound is always an electrolyte when dissolved?
Ionic compounds
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What is an electrolyte?
A compound that conducts an electric current when it is in an aqueous solution or in the molten state
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What do we call a crystal that absorbs water vapor from the air?
Hygroscopic hydrates
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What do we call a crystal that has a water vapor pressure greater than the water vapor pressure of the air?
Efflorescent hydrates
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What do we call a crystal that absorbs water from the air and dissolves in the water?
Deliquescent compounds
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Which type of mixture is characterized by the settling of particles?
Suspension
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What is a colloid?
A heterogeneous mixture containing particles that range in size from 1 nm to 1000 nm
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List for colloids from your book.
- Whipped cream
- Marshmallow
- Mayonnaise
- Paint
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Which two types of mixtures except that the Tyndall effect?
Suspensions and colloids
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How does a surfactant reduce surface tension?
The surfactant interferes with the hydrogen bonding between water molecules
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At what temperature does liquid water have its maximum density?
4°C
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Water has a high heat capacity. Does the temperature water change rapidly when exposed to solar energy?
Heat capacity and latent heat are key properties that allow water (the oceans in particular) to play a major role in "regulating" Earth's climate. Water absorbs solar energy and releases it slowly; thus, larger bodies of water do not change temperature rapidly.
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Water has a high heat of vaporization. Does this make temperature extremes on earth greater than expected, less than expected or is there no effect?
Temperature extremes on earth are less than expected because water buffers the large fluctuations in temperature
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What is responsible for water's high boiling point?
Extra heat is needed to break the hydrogen bonds between water molecules
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In a solution, what is the dissolving medium?
Solvent
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What is a solution?
A homogenous mixture; consists of solutes dissolved in a solvent
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