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building blocks of protein
amino acids
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link amino acids together to form proteins
peptide bonds
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the only macronutrient that contains nitrogen
protein
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proteins contain?
- carbon
- hydrogen
- oxygen
- nitrogen
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amino acids are composed of?
- carbon
- hydrogen
- amino group
- acid group
- side group
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what differentiates one amino acid from another?
side group
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amino acids that the body cant make and must be supplied by the diet
essential amino acids
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body can make these
nonessential amino acids
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put amino acids together to form?
proteins
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how do proteins differ from each other?
by the amino acids contained in their structure and the order in which the amino acids are linked together
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is B A D diff than D A B?
yes
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how many amino acids are there? how many are essential? nonessential?
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essential amino acids? TVTILLPM-H
- histidine
- isoleucine
- leucine
- lysine
- methionine
- phenylalnine
- threonine
- tryptophan
- valine
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how does a condensation reaction occurs?
by removing a water molecule
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the linking of amino acids together in a variety of sequences through a peptide bond
primary structure
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when the polypeptide chain twists or folds due to electrical attractions to give the protein its strength and rigidity
secondary structure
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when the side groups attract or repel fluids and other amino acids based on its hydrophilic or hydrophobic properties
tertiary
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electrical attractions
secondary structure
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hydrophilic and hydrophobic
tertiary structure
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two or more polypeptides
quaternary structure
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composed of 4 polypeptide chains
hemoglobin
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the interaction between 2 or more polypeptides
quaternary
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protein digestion begins in the ?
stomach
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protein denaturation?
- disruption of stability when exposed to heat
- uncoils and looses shape
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ex of denaturation?
ex hardening of egg when cooked
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during protein digestion what occurs in the mouth?
chewing and moistening (physical changes)
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protein digestion in stomach?
- Hydrochloric acid denatures protein
- HCL converts pepsinogen to pepsin
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what happens in small intestine during protein digestion?
- hydrolysis reactions
- peptidase enzymes
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process that happens in small intestine?
- polypeptides enter SI
- pancreatic and intestinal proteases hydrolyze them into shorter peptide chains and amino acids
- peptidase enzymes split most of the tri and di peptides into single amino acids
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HCL ___ proteins so that?
- denatures
- digestive enzymes can attack peptide bonds
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HCL converts what to what?
pepsinogen to pepsin(its active form)
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what does pepsin do?
cleaves large polypeptides into smaller polypeptides and amino acids
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during absorption, amino acids get transported into the ___ ___ where they get used for ___ or to ___ needed compounds
- intestinal cells
- energy
- synthesize
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what happens to amino acids that do no get used by the intestinal cells?
get transported to the liver
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body does not like these types of proteins
predigested proteins
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mistake of copying or error in sequence
sequencing error
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ex of sequencing error?
sickle cell anemia
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8 roles of protein?
- growth and maintenance
- enzymes
- hormones
- regulators of fluid balance
- acid-base regulators
- transporters
- antibodies
- source of energy and glucose
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building blocks for most body structure
growth and maintenance
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break down, build up and transform substances
enzymes
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testosterone and insulin
hormones
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edema
regulators of fluid balance
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attract hydrogen ions
acid-base regulators
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swelling due to an excess of fluid in the tissue
edema
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defend body against disease like flu
antibodies
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starvation and insufficient carbohydrate intake
source of energy and glucose
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other roles of protein?
support growth, reproduction, immunity
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any amino acids in the __ __ __ __ __ _ can be used to make body proteins or other nitrogen containing compounds. or they can be stripped of their ___ and used for energy or stored as fat
- protein turnover and amino acid pool
- nitrogen
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zerio nitrogen balance?
- healthy adults
- happens where nitrogen intake = nitrogen output
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positive nitrogen balance?
protein synthesis is greater than protein degradation (making more protein than your breaking down)
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where does positive NB occur?
in growing infants, children, pregnant women, people recovering from illness
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negative nitrogen balance?
protein degradation is greater than protein synthesis ( breaking down more protein than you take in )
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where does negative NB occur?
burn victims, critically ill, infections, fever, people who are malnourished
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deamination results in 2 products?
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stripped of nitrogen containing amino group
deaminating amino acids
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when amino acids are used for energy or to make ___ of fat, they must first be _____
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base and excess quantities upset the blood's acid base balance
ammonia
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the prevent an unbalance of acids and bases what happens?
the liver combines ammonia with Co2 to make urea
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what are keto acids used for?
nonessential amino acids by liver
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how does the liver make nonessential amino acids?
from a keto acid if a nitrogen source is available
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urea gets released into the blood and the ____ are responsible for what?
- kidneys
- cleaning urea from the blood
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in liver disease, blood ammonia is?
high
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in kidney disease, blood urea is?
high
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the bodys principle vehicle for excreting unused nitrogen
urea
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what happens when amino acids are deaminated?
ammonia is released
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the live converts ammonia to ___ and the kidneys excrete ____
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by converting ammonia to urea, what does the body do?
dispose of excess nitrogen
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high quality proteins are also known as?
complete proteins
-
provide enough of all the essential amino acids needed to support the body's work
high quality proteins
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___ ___ ___ do not provide all the essential amino acids
low quality proteins
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2 factors that influence protein qualities?
- protein digestibility
- protein's amino acid composition
-
essential amino acids supplied in less than the amount needed to support protein synthesis is called?
limiting amino acid
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___ ___ depends on the protein source and other foods eaten with it
protein digestibility
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digestibility of animal proteins is ?
-
digestibility of plant proteins in ?
- lower than anima
- 70-90% for most, but 90% for soy and legumes
-
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low quality proteins combined to provide adequate levels of essential amino acids?
complementary proteins
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animal proteins and plant proteins are?
high quality proteins
-
marasmus?
- protein energy malnutrition
- *not getting protein or calories
-
kwashiorkor?
- severe protein deficiency
- *gets enough calories, but no protein
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bloated bellies are a sign of?
kwashiorkor
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skin and bones appearance is a sign of?
marasmus
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high protein diets can lead too?
- heart disease
- cancer
- kidney disease
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what happens when protein increases?
calcium excretion increases
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AMDR for protein?
10 to 35%
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need for dietary protein?
- source of essential amino acids
- practical source of nitrogen
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health effects of protein ?
- osteoporosis
- weight control
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how to go from lb to kg?
wt(lbs)/ 2.2 = wt (kg)
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how to determine amount of protein per person per day?
wt(kg) x .8g =
-
one ounce =
7g of protein
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sources of animal protein?
chicken, turkey, beef, pork, wild game, fish, shellfish, eggs dairy products
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sources of plant protein?
beans and legumes, grains, tofu, tempeh, nuts and seeds
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potential risks associated with intake of?
amino acid supplements
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protein powders?
- muscle work vs protein supplements lead to atheletic performance
- whey protein
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