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What is the digestive process?
- Ingestion
- Digestion
- Propulsion
- Absorption
- Defecation
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DEFINE: ingestion
putting food in your mouth
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DEFINE: digestion
break down of food into smaller pieces
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What are the two forms of digestion?
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DEFINE: chemical digestion
any digestion using chemicals
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DEFINE: mechanical digestion
any digestion with movement
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DEFINE: propulsion
movement of food toward anus
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What are the two forms of propulsion?
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DEFINE: swallowing
voluntary propulsion
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DEFINE: peristalsis
involuntary propulsion or wavelike movement of food
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DEFINE: absorption
bringing food/nutrients into body (blood stream)
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DEFINE: defecation
eliminate waste from body
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The digestive process takes ______ to _____ to complete
24 to 48 hrs.
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The gastrointestinal (GI) tract or alimentary canal is a continuous muscular tube that extends from ________ to __________ and is approximately _________ feet long.
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The oral cavity, pharynx, esophagus and anus are made of ______________.
Stratified squamous epithelium
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The stomach, small intestine and large intestine are made of _________________.
Simple columnar epithelium
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Stratified squamous epithelium is good for?
Protection
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Simple columnar epithelium is good for?
Absorption
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Ingestion occurs in the _____________.
Oral cavity
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Mechanical digestion occurs in the __________, ___________ and __________.
- Oral cavity
- Stomach
- Small Intestine
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Chemical digestion occurs in the ________, ___________ and ___________.
- Oral Cavity
- Stomach
- Small Instestine
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Propulsion occurs everywhere in the digestive system except the _________.
Anus
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Where does peristalsis begin?
Esophagus
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Absorption occurs in the __________, ___________ and ___________.
- Stomach
- Small Intestine
- Large Intestine
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Where does the majority of digestion and absorption occur?
Small Intestine
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DEFINE: chyme
an acidic paste of food and stomach acid
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Which organs are shared by the digestive and respiratory systems?
Oral cavity and Pharynx
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Defecation occurs in the ___________ and _____________.
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What salivary gland is located inferior to the ear and produces 70% of saliva?
Parotid gland
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What are the different layers of the gut from deep to superficial?
- Tunica Mucosa
- Tela Submucosa
- Tunica Muscularis
- Tunica Serosa
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What is the tunica mucosa made of?
Simple columnar epithelium
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What is the tunica muscularis made of?
Smooth muscle
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DEFINE: sphincters
The thickening of the circular muscular layer that control the flow of food thru the digestive tract
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What are the names of the two sublayers of the tunica muscularis?
- Circular layer
- Longitudinal layer
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What is the tela submucosa made of?
dense connective tissue
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What is the tunica serosa made of?
simple squamous epithelium
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Where is the esophagus located?
- posterior to heart & trachea
- passes thru hole in diaphragm
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How does the esophagus differ from the basic gut plan?
It has both skeletal and smooth muscle (swallowing-voluntary, peristalsis-involuntary)
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Where is the stomach located?
left upper abdomen below diaphragm
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What are the 3 functions of the stomach?
- 1. Store ingested food until it can be emptied into small intestine
- 2. Secrete hydrochloric acid (HCL) and enzymes that begin protein digestion and destroy bacteria
- 3. Pulverize ingested food and mix with gastric secretions to produce a thick liquid mixture known as chyme
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The esophagus connects to what part of the stomach?
Fundus
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What are the folds of the tunica mucosa called that allow the stomach to stretch?
gastric rugae
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The duodenum of the small intestine connects to what part of the stomach?
Pylorus
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What is the part of the stomach between the fundus and pylorus called?
Body
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The cardiac sphincter is located between the _________ and the _________ of the stomach.
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The pyloric sphincter is located between the ___________ of the stomach and the _____________ of the small intestine.
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How does the stomach protect the GI tract?
- It releases acid which kills bacteria.
- It makes a thick layer of mucus which protects the stomach from the acid.
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What are the 3 divisions of the small intestine?
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What are the 4 organs that empty into the duodenum?
- Stomach
- Pancreas
- Liver
- Gall Bladder
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Where is the pancreas located?
Posterior to the stomach
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What are the endocrine & exocrine functions of the pancreas?
- Endocrine: Produce Insulin & Glucagon
- Exocrine (Digestive): Produce digestive enzymes and Sodium Bicarbonate
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What do digestive enzymes do?
Chemically digest food particles
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What does sodium bicarbonate do?
Neutralizes acid from the stomach
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Where is the liver located?
Upper right peritoneal cavity and tapers to the midclavicular line below the diaphragm on the left side
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What are the functions of the liver?
- Detoxifies wastes and drugs
- Stores glycogen (glucose) and vitamins
- Makes bile, which emulsifies fat
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Where is the gall bladder located?
Inferior to the liver
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What is the function of the gall bladder?
Stores and concentrates bile from liver
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What are circular folds?
Large fold of the small intestine
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What is the purpose of circular folds in the small intestine?
- Slows the passage of food
- Increase surface area for absorption
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The circular folds of the small intestine are covered with __________.
Villi
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DEFINE: villi
tiny, finger-like projections that increase surface area for absorption. Tiny capillaries found in the villi absorbed nutrients into the blood stream
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What are the divisions of the large intestine?
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What are the divisions of the colon?
- Ascending
- Transverse
- Descending
- Sigmoid
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The _________ is the beginning of the large intestine and has a worm-like extension known as the vermiform appendix attached to it.
Caecum
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The ascending colon is lateral to the __________ psoas major muscle.
right
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The transverse colon is inferior to the ___________.
Stomach
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The descending colon is lateral to the ___________ psoas major muscle.
left
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The sigmoid colon is located between the _______________________ and __________.
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DEFINE: rectum
Straight, terminal portion of the large intestine
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What is the primary function of the large intestine?
Absorption of remaining H2O, salts and vitamins
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