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What are the 3 types of muscle tissue?
- Non-striated (smooth) muscle
- Striated cardiac muscle
- Striated skeletal muscle
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What type of muscle tissue has short, spindle shaped cells?
Non-striated (smooth) muscle
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What type of muscle tissue is found in visceral organs throughout the body?
Non-striated (smooth) muscle
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What type of muscle tissue can the cells divide (but only in the uterus during pregnancy)?
Non-striated (smooth) muscle
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In muscle tissue the cells get ___________, but do not make more
bigger
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What type of muscle tissue has long, branched fibers composed of many cells stacked end to end?
Striated cardiac muscle
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Which muscle tissues are involuntary?
- Non-striated (smooth) muscle
- Striated cardiac muscle
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Which type of muscle tissue is found in the heart?
Striated cardiac muscle
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What types of muscle tissue are too specialized to divide?
- Striated cardiac muscle
- Striated skeletal muscle
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Which of the four basic tissues are found in muscle tissue?
All four:
- Connective
- Muscle
- Epithelium
- Nervous
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What type of muscle tissue is made up of long multinucleated cells?
Striated skeletal muscle
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What type of muscle tissue is voluntary?
Striated skeletal muscle
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What type of muscle tissue forms the powerfully contracting muscles of the musculoskeletal system?
Striated skeletal muscle
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What are the three functions of muscle tissue?
- 1. Movement
- 2. Support and maintain posture
- 3. Heat production
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Muscle cells can only ___________ on bones they can't ______________.
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DEFINE: muscle belly
contains the muscle cells that generate contraction
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DEFINE: tendons
- connective tissue that attach muscle to bone
- structure that concentrates the force of muscle contractions to a small area on the bone
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What are tendons made out of?
Dense regular connective tissue
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DEFINE: origin
- fixed end
- less mobile boney attachment
- usually the proximal attachment
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DEFINE: insertion
- mobile end
- more mobile boney attachment
- usually the more distal attachment
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What is the cell found in skeletal muscle?
- myocyte
- muscle cell or fiber
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What are the connective tissue layers from deep to superficial that surround the muscle cells?
- Endomysium
- Perimysium
- Epimysium
- Fascia
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What is the endomysium?
loose connective tissue that forms an envelope around each muscle fiber
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What is the perimysium?
dense irregular connective tissue that form an envelope around a group of muscle cells.
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What is a group of muscle cells called?
fasciculus
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What is the Epimysium?
dense irregular connective tissue that forms the outer wrapping around the bundles of fasciculi to form the belly of an individual muscle
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What is fascia?
- dense irregular connective tissue that wraps around a region of muscles in the body.
- separates the integument from the muscles
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The tendon of a muscle is continuous with the _____________, ______________, and _____________, of muscle and the _____________ of bone.
- endomysium
- perimysium
- epimysium
- periosteum
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What are the two different types of muscle fiber orientation?
- Parallel fiber orientation
- Oblique fiber orientation
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What are the different types of parallel fiber orientations?
- Quadrilateral
- Strap
- Fusiform
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DEFINE: quadrilateral shaped
- parallel fiber orientations with fiber lengths approximately equivalent to the width of the muscle
- can range from thin, square shaped muscles to thick short muscles
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DEFINE: strap shaped
muscles which have a length greater than their width, giving the appearance of a long, belt-like strap
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DEFINE: fusiform shaped
- muscles with fibers which approximate a parallel orientation
- typically have narrowed tendons of insertion and origin with a variably rounded muscle belly
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What are the different types of oblique fiber orientations?
- Triangular, convergent or radial
- Unipennate
- Bipennate
- Multipennate
- Spiral fiber orientations
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DEFINE: triangular, convergent or radial shaped
- tend to have the shape of a fan, wider at one end and narrower at the other
- typically flat, sheet-like muscles
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DEFINE: unipennate shaped
have short, oblique fibers arising from a central tendon but just off one side
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DEFINE: bipennate shaped
have short, oblique fibers arising from a central tendon on both sides
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DEFINE: multipennate shaped
complex branching form of bipennate type
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DEFINE: spiral fiber orientations
muscles which have a twist to them, meaning the muscle wraps around bone or twists to gain different orientation of attachment
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DEFINE: myofibril
- specialized contractile element of the muscle cell
- made of thick & thin myofilaments (actin & myosin)
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A muscle cell or fiber contains _______________ myofibrils.
numerous
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What are the two sliding elements of the myofibril?
Actin and Myosin
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DEFINE: thick filament
- contains myosin
- muscle protein that changes shape & grabs onto actin
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DEFINE: thin filament
- contains actin
- muscle protein with binding sites for myosin
- is pulled over or "slides" over myosin
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DEFINE: troponin-tropomyosin complex
During rest, this protein binds to actin & covers the myosin binding sites, thus preventing contraction
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How does calcium play a role in muscle contraction?
calcium shifts TTC out of the way so myosin can bind to actin.
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DEFINE: sarcomere
- basic functional unit of skeletal muscle
- Z-line to Z-line
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Many sarcomeres stacked end to end from a _______________.
myofibril
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To initiate muscle contraction you need a neuromuscular junction and the _______________.
motor unit
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ATP is the energy source for muscle contraction and is required for:
- 1. detaching the myosin head from actin
- 2. removing calcium from the area
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Is ATP responsible for keeping a contraction going or stopping it?
Both
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How long will muscle contractions continue?
As long as calcium is present and ATP is available, the process keeps repeating
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