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Insecticide Act of 1910
The first significant federal effort to regulate companies that manufacture pesticides passed by US Congress
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what did the Insecticide Act of 1910 require of pesticide products?
that they conform to the statements printed on their labels
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FIFRA
- Federal Insecticide Fungicide Rodenticide Act
- means of regulating rapidly evolving industry enacted by congress in 1947
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What did FIFRA require
- that USDA to register all pesticides distributed via interstate commerce, but registration was a formality and USDA had little enforcement power
- EPA in 1970 federal government transferred administrative power for FIFRA from USDA to the new EPA
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Pesticides used in the US must be registered with
EPA
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legal document requiring applicator to follow all directions
The pesticide label
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Pesticides must be classified for either general use or restricted use. what is restricted use?
restricted use pesticides may be applied only by, or under the direct supervision of, a certified applicator
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each state should have a compliance law administered by a state pesticide regulatory agency that parallels ________
FIFRA
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each state pesticide regulatory agency must have an applicator cerification program meeting at least the minimum standars established by __________
EPA
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The legislative events of the early 70s signaled shift in federal policy focus moved away from regulation for purposes of assuring product efficacy to _________
reducing risk to man and environment
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primary emphasis of FIFRA
pesticide registration
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certified applicator is
individual who has demonstrated the competency nessary to manage the use of pesticide products so as to minimize associated risks.
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When does FIFRA consider a pesticide a general use material
when the product used in accordance with label directions is no expected to have adverse effects on man or environment.. can be bought OTC
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responsible for pesticide regulation and enforcement in INdiana
OISC, office of the Indiana state chemist
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OISc first authorized to enforce Indiana pesticide laws under ____________
the 1971 pesticide act
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the 2 Indiana laws in which pesticide registration and certification and licensing are fully addressed
- Indiana pesticide use and application law
- Indiana pesticide registration law
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Indiana recognizes 2 types of pesticide applicators
private and commercial
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certified private applicators are issued a permit valid for
5 years
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private applicators cannot
apply pesticides to property of others, only their own property
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commercial applicator is 2 step process -
take core and one category exam. exception is wood destroying insects
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all commercial applicators must be liscened under one of the following classifications
- - for hire - working on the property of someone hiring the employer
- - not for hire - working on the property of the employer
- - public applicator- GOvt
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3 purposes of having license
- - link applicator to specific business
- - confines applicator to specific business
- - confines applicator to those applications indicated by cert categories listed
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applicator license is property of __________and expires on
applicators employer; dec 31
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applicator license is invalid
- moment individual leaves employment firm which they were licened
- must re apply if new company
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some commercial non certified applicators may apply rup for hire if they do so _________________
under the supervision of a certified licensed applicator. supervisor must remain on site unless the non certified applicatior is a registered technician
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a certified licensed applicator may not supervise more than ____ non certified employees unless granted a 60 day emergencyexcemption by OISC
10
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2 exceptions to supervision requirments
- - all aerial applicators must be certified and licensed
- - all individuals employed as wood destroying pest inspectors must be certified and licensed
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pesticide applicators must maintain written records of all applications involving RUPs for at least ________
2 years from date of application
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All RUP labels have a RUP statement where?
Top of front panel on the label
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Maintain applicator certification by
retaking test or taking continuing education credits
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Who needs a commercial business license?
firms engaged in the business of applying pesticides on the property of another, for hire
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A supervisor must remain on site with a non-certified applicator unless
the applicator is a Registered Technician
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Records of application need to be kept for how many years?
2 years
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category 7b certified and licensed applicators must also keep termiticide application records on file for at least
5 years
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FIFRA concerned primarily with
pesticide registration
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4 major groups of pest organsims
- - insect
- - vertebrate
- - weeds
- - plant disease agents (fungi, viruses, bacteria)
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insect metamorphosis
series of changes insect goes through for egg to adult
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the form assumed by a juvenile insect after each molt is called
an instar
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shedding of hard outer covering on insect
molting
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incomplete metamorphosis is
3 stages egg, nymph, adult - cockroaches and termites
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complete metamorphosis
egg, larva, pupa,adult
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weed
plant growing where not wanted
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weed classifications
- - grasses
- - sedges - triangular stem,a nd three rows of leaves
- - broadleaves
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all plants go through 4 stages of growth
- 1 seedlings
- 2 vegetative state
- 3 reproductive
- 4 maturity
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annuals
plants that complete a life cycle in one year
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biennials
require two years to complete their life cycle. emergence and growth first and flower second
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perennials
live longer than 2 years and some forever, can produce new plants by means other than seed
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plant pathogens(living agents) 4 types
- fungi- single celled and multi cell organisms
- bacteria- -microscopic single celled
- nematodes - microscopic non segmented worms
- viruses- require genetic material of host cell
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Action threshold
the population level for a specific pest at which some control measure is justified in order to avoid economic loss of aesthetic damage
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3 non-chemical control options:
BioControl; Mechanical control; cultural control
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4 major pesticide groups
herbicides; insecticides; fungicides; rodenticides
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advantages to pesticide use:
effectiveness, speed and ease of controlling pests, reasonable cost, may be only solution
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When in life cycle pests most easily controlled?
immature
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Why some application sites more sensitive:
may be sensitive individuals are there or environmentally sensitive
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pesticides may fail because:
pesticide resistance evolves
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pesticide product 2 ingredients
- active - chemicals control pest
- inert - solvent AND CARRIERS O DELIVER PRODUCT OR liquids into which the active ingredient is dissolved or chemicals that keep the product from separating
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the combination of an active ingredient with a compatible inert ingredient
formulation
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sorption
when it is necessary to adhere a liquid active ingredient onto a solid surface(powder, dust, or granule)
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sorption can be accomplished by 2 possible mechanisms
- adsorption - a chemical/physical attraction between the active ingredient and the surface of the solid
- absorption - entry of the active ingredient into the pores of the solid
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solution
when a substance (the solute) is dissolved in a liquid (the solvent).
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a solution cannot be mechanically ________
separated
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suspension
a mixture of finely divided solid particles dispersed in a liquid
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most suspensions will have this appearance
cloudy
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spike 80w is formulated as a wettable powder and forms a _______when mixed with water for application
suspension
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emulsion
a mixture that occurs when one liquid is dispersed (as droplets) in another liquid.
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emulsions will have this appearance and will need this to keep from separating
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formulation selection 6 concerns
- applicator saftey
- environmental concern
- pest biology
- available equipment
- surfaces to be protected
- cost
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solid formulations are divided into 2 groups
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solid formulation that are ready to use and those to be mixed with water
- ready to use - dusts, granules, pellets
- mixed with water - wettable powders, dry flowables, soluble powders
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dusts -D
- D; manufactured by the sorption of an active ingredient onto a finely ground, solid inert such as talc, clay, or chalk
- excellent coverage, but inhalation and drift hazard
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dust no longer used in
large scale outdoor situation, drift hazard
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granules -G
G; similar to dusts but active ingredient is sorbed onto a larger particle ( clay, sand, or plant material); low inhalation and dermal hazard
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drawback to granules
bulk, handling, uniform application, attractive to birds
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granules are applied_______and intended for
dry, soil
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pellets -P, PS
P, PS; similar to granules, but active ingredient is combined with inert materials. uniform in size and shape
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pellets are typically used in
spot applications with high degree of safty for user; but can roll downhill
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wettable powders -W, WP
W, WP; a finely divided solids, typically mineral clays, to which an active ingredient is sorbed; add water and spray; require agitation;can plug up the works
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dry flowables aka dispersable granules -DF
DF; manufactured like wettable powders but the powder is aggragated in the granular particles
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water dispersable granules; WDG
soluble powders; not common, mixed with water in spray tank where they dissolve and form a true solution prior to spraying
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liquid formulations
liquid flowables; microencapsulates; emulsifiable concentrates; solutions
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liquid flowables - L, F
L, F; like wettable powders but the powder, dispersing agents, wetting agents, are mixed with water before packaging.. no inhalation hazard during mixing; can settle out
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microencapsulates -M, ME
M, ME; consist of a solid or liquid(containing an active ingredient) surrounded by a plastic or starch coating.
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encapsulation enhances applicator safety and provides _____. Liquid forms form _______ in spray tank
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emulsifiable concentrates -E, EC
E, EC; oil soluble active ingredient dissolved in an appropriate oil based solvent to which an emulsifying agent is added
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emulsifiable concentrates are mixed with water and applied as ___________
spray
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emulsifiable concentrates allow ___________ to be sprayed in water as carrier
oil soluble active ingredients
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emulsifiable concentrates disadvantages
- dermal hazard penetrate skin; odor problem; burn foilage; damage rubber and plastic parts; need to be agitated
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solutions
water soluble active ingredients dissolved in water. require no agitation after thouroghly dissolved
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solutions are not ________to equipment
abrasive
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solutions disadvantages
some that are produces as dissolved salts can be caustic to skin
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RTU
ready to use; no mixing involved
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ULV
ultra low volume, concentrates used in specialty situations( space spraying and fogging)
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problem with ULV
- dermal hazard during mixing and loading because of high concentration of active ingredient; drift potential; inhalation
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aerosols
moves the active ingredient in form of a mist of very small particles
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fumigants
form of a gas; most hazardous because of extreme inhalation danger
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reading labels: Tempo 20WP; Pendulum 3.3EC
-20 % active ingredient, wettable powder; Emulsifiable concentrate with 3.3 pounds of active ingredient per gallon
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synergists
chemicals that can boost the pesticidal activity of active ingredient
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common example of a synergist
piperonyl butoxide
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adjuvants
any compound that facilitates the action of pesticides or modifies characteristics of pesticide formulations or spray solutions.
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3 kinds of adjuvants
- - activator adjuvants- wetting agents
- - spray modifier agents (stickers, foams
- - utility modifiers(emulsifiers, anti foam
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Order of Tank Mixing
1. fill tank 1/3 full with carrier; 2. start agitation; 3. add suspension products first dry then liquids; 4. add solution products; 5. add emulsifiable products; 6. add surfactants or other adjuvants; 7. top off tank with carrier
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toxicity
capacity of a compound to cause harm
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toxicity is dose ______
related
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LD50 values;LD50 represents the dose required to kill_______
- -used to compare acute toxicity of pesticides
- - 50% of population of test animals
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the lower the LD50 the
- less pesticide required to kill
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a pesticide with a n LD50 value of 10 mg/kg is ___ times more toxic than pesticide with LD50 of 100 mg/kg
- 10
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LD50 values are not always given on label. signal words are...
- - danger, higly toxic
- - warning, moderately toxic
- - caution, slighty toxic
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when possible choose pesticides with ____ LD 50 values
- high
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ways of entry into body
- dermal-most common
- respiration
- oral
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Pesticide storage should be:
away from people, not flood areas, separate structures, away from surface waters that could be contaminated by runoff.
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Storage facility should be:
locked, signed, one the ground floor, well lighted, cement floor, no floor drains, with exhaust fans, insulated, metal shelves to keep chemicals off the floor, keep separate by classification
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How to store:
with original label, not in huge quantities, keep PPE nearby, keep water available, prepare for cleanup, mark with date of purchase, keep inventory, fire emergency plan
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safest formulation usually
- granular or microencapsulated
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best way of removing low level pesticide contamination on clothes
prerinsing and regular washing
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if induce vomit make sure person forward kneeling or__________
on right side if laying down
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after how many hours will pesticide have moved into intestine
2
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absortive charcoals prevent
absorption from intestine
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cause of death in most pesticide poisoning vicitims is
respiratory failure
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applying more than labled rate is
illegal
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best mode of transportation
back of pick up
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pesticides should not be transported in
compact, midsize autos except as last resort
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if car must be used place in
trunk
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never transport in
- -passenger seat of closed vehicle
- - allow passengers of pets to ride with pesticides
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this must accompany each pesticide for transport
MSDS
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storage facility warning signs should be visible from
50 ft
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pesticides should always be stored on which floor
ground
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title III of Superfund Amendment and Reauthorization Act (SARA) also call emergency planning and community right to know act of 1986
requires storage extremely hazardous materials to be reported to local emergency planning commissions
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product labels direct applicators to__________
each empty pesticide container and triple rinse
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triple rinsing is defined by a 1974 federal regulation as the_________each time using a volume of the normal diluent equal to approximately __________of container capacity
- - flushing of container 3 times; wear PPE
- - add 10-25 percent clean water; puncture container so it won't get reused.
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render all metal and plastic containers unusable by
puncturing or crushing
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In Indiana burning or burying containers is
strictly prohibited
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Recycling pesticide containers
yes if triple rinsed
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two types of drift
- particle drift- spray droplets
- vapor drift - gas
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oil droplets drift _____than water based
more
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air is least turbulent just before__________and just after ______
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air most gusty between
2 and 4 pm
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when air near soil surface is cooler than air above, can cause droplets to stay suspended in air. do not apply in these conditions
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inversion
- high temps and low relative humidity may _______rate of evaporation of spray droplets
- increase
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even low volatility compounds may become prone to vapor drift at temps above _______
- 90
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how to practice drift control 4
operate at lowest pressure by nozzle design; use large nozzle opening; use most water possible per treated area; spray near target
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positively charged pesticide molecules will adsorb to _________charged clay particles
negative
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process breakdown pesticide molecules into simpler and less toxic compounds
degradation
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Adsorption to soil in pesticides
clay is neg charge and many pesticides are positive; can cause pesticide failure in soil pesticides when highly adsorptive soil
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3 types of degradation
- microbial - fungi, algae eat
- chemical - reacts with water, oxygen
- photdegradation - breakdown by sunlight
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Runoff and pesticides
loss due to slope, moisture content of soil, presence of vegetation; happens with erosion or raw chemical.
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Frequency of pesticide application can influence microbial
degradation. That is, repeated applications can actually stimulate the buildup of organisms that are effective in degrading the chemical.
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leaching
movement of water down through soil; more in sandy soils than clay; less with high adsorption; helps get pesticide to roots in some cases
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the ease which a pesticide dissolves in water
pesticide solubility
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pesticides strongly adsorbed to soil particles are very unlikely to
leach or get into the ground water
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ground water flows through aquifers at rates of a few ______in clay or silts to a few _______in sands
- - inches per year
- - inches per day
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the more water soluable the pesticide, the ______ the leaching potential
greater
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spray before bees forage ________
before dawn after dusk or less than 55
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passed in 1973 to provide protection for federally listed endangered wild plants and animals
ESA endangered species act
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manufacturers need registration approval to market new product from
EPA
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coordinates agencies internal review and monitor status of registration
pm
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future pesticide products now channeled towar pesticides derived from
bacteria, virus fungi growth inhibitors
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"it is a violation of federal law to use this product in a manner inconstistent with its labeling"
on every pesticide label
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label serves as instructions and
legal measuring stick
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most comprehensive registration is granted under
section 3 of FIFRA
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front panel of every pesticide product must say
keep out of reach of children
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front of container must have
signal word
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generally, minimum protective clothing on statment
long sleeved shirt, long pants waterproof shoes
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label find registration number. 2 sets of numbers. first set is second is
- 1 identifies registrant
- 2 represents registration issued to company by EPA
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on label before phrase EPA EST is
establishment number to id locaton
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for help with spills call
chemtrec 800 424 9300
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