Chapter 15

• contained within the cranium
• the center for coordinating body activities
• **weighs about three pounds

• largest portion of the brain
• divided into left and right hemispheres
• the cerebrum controls the skeletal muscles
• interprets general senses such as temperature, pain and touch
• and contains centers for sight and hearing
• intellect, memory and emotional reactions also take place in the cerebrum

• spaces within the brain that contain a fluid called cerebrospinal fluid
• the cerebrospinal fluid flows through the subarachnoid space around the brain and spinal cord

• located under the posterior portion of the cerebrum
• its function is to assist in the coordination of skeletal muscles and to maintain balance
• also called the hindbrain
• **named in the third century by Erasistratus, who also named the cerebrum.  Cerebellum literally means little brain and is the diminutive of cerebrum

• stem-like portion of the brain that connects with the spinal cord
• ten of the 12 cranial nerves originate in the brainstem
• *the olfactory nerve (I) and optic nerve (II) do not originate in the brainstem

• literally means bridge
• it connects the cerebrum with the cerebellum and brainstem

• located between the pons and spinal cord
• it contains centers that control respiration, heart rate, and the mucles in the blood vessel walls, which assist in determining blood pressure

most superior portion of the brainstem

• clear, colorless fluid contained in the ventricles that flows through the subarachnoid space around the brain and spinal cord
• it cushions the brain and spinal cord from shock, transports nutrients, and clears metabolic waste

• passes through the vertebral canal extending from the medulla oblongata to the level of the second lumbar vertebra
• the spinal cord conducts nerve impulses to and from the brain and initiates reflex action to sensory information without input from the brain
• *its important to remember the spinal cord ends at about L2 because thats why lumbar punctures are done between L3 and L4
• *at the end of the spinal card are the finger-like projections called cauda equina or horses tail

• three layers of membrane that cover the brain and spinal cord
• dura mater
• arachnoid
• pia mater

• tough outer layer of the meninges
• *means 'hard mother' because it is a tough emebrane

• delicate middle layer of the meninges
• the arachnoid membrane is loosely attached to the pia mater by weblike fibers, which allow for the subarachnoid space

• thin inner layer of the meninges
• *means 'soft mother' because it is a delicate membrane

• cerebrum
• ventricles
• cerebellum
• brainstem
• pons
• medulla oblongata
• midbrain
• spinal cord
• meninges
• dura mater
• arachnoid
• pia mater

• cord-like structure made up of fibers that carries impulses from one part of the body to another
• there are 12 pairs of cranial nerves (10 originate in the brainstem)
• and 31 pairs of spinal nerves

group of nerve cell bodies located outside the central nervous system

• specialized cells that support and nourish nervous tissue
• some cells assist in the secretion of cerebrospinal fluid
• others assist with phagocytosis
• they do not conduct impulses
• three types of glia are
• astroglia
• oligodendroglia
• microglia (also called neuroglia)

• a nerve cell that conducts nerve impulses to carry out the function of the nervous system
• destroyed neurons cannot be replaced

combining form

cerebellum

combining form

• cerebrum
• brain

combining form

• hard
• dura mater

combining form

brain

combining form

ganglion

combining form

• glia
• gluey substance

combining form

meninges

combining form

• spinal cord
• bone marrow

combining form

nerve

combining form

• nerve root
• proximal end of a peripheral nerve, closes to the spinal cord

combining form

• sensation
• sensitivity
• feeling

combining form

mind

combining form

• one
• single

combining form

speech

combining form

gray matter

combining form

four

suffix

• specialist
• physician
• **remember -logist also means specialist

suffix

• treatment
• specialty

suffix

• seizure
• attack

suffix

slight paralysis

*compare with -plegia meaning paralysis

inflammation of the cerebellum

• pertaining to the cerebrum
• abnormal condition of a clot
• blood clot in a blood vessel of the brain
• onset of symptoms may appers from minues to days after an obstruction occurs
• a cause of ischemic stroke

inflammation of the dura mater

inflammation of the brain

softening of the brain

inflammation of the brain, spinal cord, and nerve roots

inflammation of a ganglion

• tumor composed of developing glial tissue
• the most malignant and most common primary tumor of the brain

*do not confuse with glioma

• tumor composed of the glial tissue
• glioma is used to describe all primary neoplasms of the brain and spinal cord

**do not confuse with glioblastoma

• tumor of the meninges
• benign and slow growing

inflammation of the meninges

• protrusion of the meninges
• through a defect in the skull or vertebral arch

• protrusion of the meninges and spinal cord (through a neural arch defect in the vertebral column)
• **can be spina bifida

disease affecting a single nerve (such as carpal tunnel syndrome)

pain in a nerve

nerve weakness

inflammation of a nerve

disease of nerves and joints

tumor made up of nerve cells

disease of the nerves (peripheral)

• inflammation of the gray matter of the spinal cord
• this infection disease, commonly referred to as polio, is caused by one of three polio viruses

inflammation of many nerves

• disease of many nerves
• most often occurs as a side effect of diabetes mellitus
• but may also occur as a result of drug therapy
• critical illness such as sepsis or carcinoma
• exhibiting symptoms of weakness, distal sensory loss, and burning

inflammation of the nerve roots

disease of the nerve roots

inflammation of the nerve root, meninges, and spinal cord

• pertaining to below the dura mater, tumor of blood
• hematoma translated literally means blood tumor; however, a hematoma is a collection (pooling) of blood resulting from a broken blood vessel

• disease characterized by early dimentia
• confusion
• loss of recognition of persons or failiar surroundings
• restlessness, and
• impaired memory

progressive muscle atrophy caused by degeneration and scarring of neurons along the lateral columns of the spinal cord that control muscles

• paralysis of muscles on one side of the face
• usually a temporary condition
• signs include a sagging mouth on the affected side and non-closure of the eyellid

aneurysm in the cerebrum

• *aneurysm = Circumscribed dilation of an artery or a cardiac chamber, in direct
• communication with the lumen, usually resulting from an acquired or
• congenital weakness of the wall of the artery or chamber.

• an embolus (usually a blood clot or a piece of atherosclerotic plaque arising from a distant site) lodges in a cerebral artery
• causing sudden blockage of blood supply to the brain tissue
• a common cause of cerebral embolism, a type of ischemic stroke, is atrial fibrillation

• condition characterized by lack of muscle control and partial paralysis
• caused by a brain defect or lesion present at birth or shortly after

• cognitive impairment characterized by a loss of intellectual brain function
• patients have difficulty in various ways, in cluding
• difficulty in performing complex tasks
• reasing
• learning and retaining new information
• orientation
• word finding
• behavior
• dementia has several causes and is not considered part of normal aging

• condition characterized by recurrent seizures
• a general term given to a group of neurologic disorders
• all characterized by abnormal electrical activity in the brain

• increased amount of cerebrospinal fluid in the ventricles of the brain
• which can cause enlargement of the cranium in infants

• bleeding into the brain as a result of a ruptured blood vessel within the brain
• symptoms vary depending on the location of the hemorrhage
• acute symptoms include dyspnea (difficult breathing), aphasia (absence of speech), diminished level of consciousness, and hemiparesis
• the symptoms often develop sddenly
• intracerebral hemorrhage, a cause of hemorrhagic stroke, is frequently associated with high blood pressure

• degenerative disease characterized by sclerotic (plaques) patches along the brain and spinal cord.
• signs and symptoms are variable and fluctuate [clinically the symptoms show exacerbations and remissions] over the course of the disease
• more common symptoms include fatigue, balance and coordination impairments, numbness and vision problems

• chronic degenerative disease of the central nervous system
• signs and symptoms include resting tremors of the hands and feet,
• rigidity
• expressionless face
• and shuffling gait
• it usually occurs after the age of 50 years

• inflammation of the sciatic nerve
• causing pain that travels from the thigh through the leg to the foot and toes
• can be caused by injury
• infection
• athritis
• herniated disk
• or from prolonged pressure on the nerve from sitting for long periods

viral disease that affects peripheral nerves and causes blisters on the skin that follow the course of the affected nerves

• occurs when there is an interruption of blood supply to a region of the brain, depriving nerve cells in the affected area of oxygen and nutrients
• the cells cannot perform and may be damaged or die within minutes
• the arts of the body controlled by the involved cells will experience dysfnction
• speech, movement, memory and other CNS functions may be affected in varying degrees
• ischemic stroke is a result of a blocked blood vessel
• hemorrhagic stroke is a result of bleeding

• bleeding caused by a ruptured blood vessel just outside the brain (usually a ruptured cerebral aneurysm) that rapidly fills the space between the brain and skull (subarachnoid space) with blood
• the patient may experience in intense sudden headache accompanied by nausea, vomiting, and neck pain (a cause of hemorrhagic stroke)

• sudden deficient supply of blood to the brain lasting a short time
• the symptoms may be similar to those of stroke, but with TIA the symptoms are temporary and the usual outcome is compete recovery
• TIAs are often warning signs for eventual occurrence of a stroke

excision of a ganglion

excision of a nerve

separating a nerve (from adhesions)

surgical repair of a nerve

suture of a nerve

incision into a nerve

incision into a nerve root

radiographic imaging of the blood vessels in the brain (after an injection of contrast medium)

• process of recording (scan) the spinal cord (after an injection of a contrast agent into the subarachnoid space by lumbar puncture)
• size, shape, and nerve roots are demonstrated

record of the electrical impulses of the brain

instrument used to record the electrical impulses of the brain

process of recording the electrical impulses of the brain

• process that includes the use of a computer to produce a series of brain tissue images at any desired depth
• the procedure is painless and particularly useful in diagnosing brain tumors

• a non-invasive technique that produces sectional images of soft tissues of the brain or spine through a strong magnetic field
• unlike a CT scan, MRI produces images without the use of radiation
• it is used to visualize tumors, edema, multiple sclerosis,  and herniated disks

• nuclear medicine imaging technique with a radioactive substance that produces sectional imaging of the brain to examine blood flow and metabolic activity
• images are projected on a viewing screen

a group of diagnostic tests that measure changes and responses in brain waves elicited by visual, auditory, or somatosensory stimuli

• *somatosensory evoked potential = the computer-averaged cortical and subcortical responses to repetitive stimulation of peripheral nerve sensory fibers
• *somatosensory = Sensation relating to the body's superficial and deep parts as contrasted to specialized senses such as sight

• insertion of a needle into the subarachnoid space usually between the third and fourth lumbar vertebrae
• it is performed for many reasons, including the removal of cerebrospinal fluid for diagnostic purposes

*remember it is done between L3 and L4 because the spinal cord ends about L2

without (loss of) feeling or sensation

• condition of without speaking
• los or impairment of the ability to speak

pain in the head (headache)

pertaining to the cerebrum

pertaining to the cranium and cerebrum

condition of difficulty speaking

hardening of the brain

glial cell

• slight paralysis of half
• right or left side of the body

• paralysis of half
• right or left side of the body
• stroke is the most common cause of hemiplegia

excessive sensitivity (to stimuli)

(occurring) between seizures or attacks

pertaining to within the cerebrum

pertaining to the mind

slight paralysis of one (limb)

paralysis of one (limb)

softening of the spinal cord

resembling a nerve

physician who studies and treats diseases of the nerves (nervous system)

• study of nerves
• ranch of medicine dealing with diseases of the nervous system

total paralysis

• abnormal sensation
• such as burning, prickling, or tingling sensation, often in the extremities
• may be caused by nerve damage or peripheral neuropathy

(occurring) after a seizure or attack

(occurring) before a seizure or attack

paralysis of four (limbs)

pertaining to below the dura mater

• conveying toward a center
• for example, afferent nerves carry impulses to the central nervous system

lack of muscle coordination

pertaining to the mental processes of comprehension, judgment, memory, and reason

state of profound unconsciousness

• injury to the brain caused by major or minor head trauma
• symptoms include vertigo,
• headache,
• and possible loss of consciousness

• awake,
• alert,
• aware of one's surroundings

• sudden, involuntary contraction of a group of muscvles
• may be present during a seizure

a state of mental confusion as to time, place, or identity

the inability to use speech that is distinct and connected because of a loss of muscle control after damage to the peripheral or central nervous system

• conveying away from the center
• for example, efferent nerves carry information away from the centrel nervous system

a manner or style of walking

unable to express one's thoughts or ideas in an orderly, intelligible manner

• paralysis from the waist down caused by damage to the lower level of the spinal cord
• *the person will be paralyzed at and below the point of spinal injury. the higher the injury the higher the paralysis, the converse is true too.  the lower the injury, the lower the paralysis begins.

• sudden surge of abnormal electrical activity in the brain
• resulting in involuntary body movements or behaviors

tube implanted in the body to redirect the flow of a fluid

fainting or sudden loss of consciousness caused by lack of blood supply to the cerebrum

state of being unaware of surroundings and incapable of responding to stimuli as a result of injury, shock, illness, or drugs

a physician who studies and treats disorders of the mind

**remember, this is a medical doctor (MD) and can write prescriptions

• specialty of the mind
• branch of medicine that deals with the treatment of mental disorders

originating in the mind

specialist of the mind (not physician)

**this is not a medical doctor (MD) it is a PhD, and unable to write prescriptions

• study of the mind
• a profession (not branch of medicine) that involves dealing with the ind and mental processes in relation to human behavior

(any) disease of the mind

• abnormal condition of the mind
• major mental disorder characterized by extreme derangement, often with delusions and hallucinations

pertaining to the mind and body (interrelations of)

• an eating disorder characterized by a disturbed perception of body image resulting in failure to maintain body weight
• intensive fear of gaining weight
• pronounced desire for thinness
• and, in females, amenorrhea

an emotional disorder characterized by feelings of apprehension, tension, or uneasiness arising typically from the anticipation of unreal or imagined danger

a disorder of learning and behavioral problems characterized by market inattention, distractability, impulsiveness, and hyperactivity

• a spectrum of mental disorders
• the features of which include onset during infancy or childhood
• preoccupation with subjective mental activity
• inability to interact socially
• and impaird communication

• a major psychological disorder typified by a disturbance in mood
• the disorder is manifested by manic and depressive episodes that may alternate
• or elements of both may occur simultaneously

an eating disorder characterized by uncontrolled binge eating followed by purging (induced vomiting)

• a mood disturbance characterized by feelings of sadness, despair, discouragement, hopelessness, lack of joy, altered sleep patterns, and difficulty with decision making and daily function
• depression ranges from normal feelings of sadness (resulting from and proportional to personal loss or tragedy) through dysthymia (chronic depressive neurosis) to major depression

a disorder characterized by intrusive, unwanted thoughts that result in the tendency to perform repetitive acts or rituals (compulsions) usually as a means of releasing tension or anxiety

an episode of sudden onset of acute anxiety, occurring unpredictably, with feelings of acute apprehension, dyspnea, dizziness, sweating, and/or chest pain, depersonalization, paresthesia, and fear of dying, loss of mind or control

• a marked and persistent fear that is excessive or unreasonable cued by the presence or anticipation of a specific situation or object
• such as claustrophobia, the abnormal fear of being in enclosed spaces

• compulsive eating of non-nutritive substances such as clay or ice
• this condition is often a result of an iron deficiency
• when iron deficiency is the cause of pica the condition will disappear in 1-2 weeks when threated with iron therapy

• a disorder characterized by an acute emotional response to  traumatic event perceived as life threatening or severe emotional stress such as an airplane crash, repeated physical or emotional trauma, or military combat
• symptoms include anxiety, sleep disturbance, nightmares, difficulty concentrating, and depression

• any one of a large group of psychotic disorders characterized by gross distortions of reality,
• disturbance of language and communication
• withdrawal from social interaction
• and the disorganization and fragmentation of thought, perceptions, and emotional reaction

disorders characterized by physical symptoms for which no know physical cause exists