Bio 152 Test Three

organization of different tissues into functional units

groups of cells with a similar appearance and a common function

biological function

groups of organs that work together to provide an additional level of organization and coordination

sheets of closely packed cells which cover the outside of the body and line organs and cavities

lines the intestines and secretes digestive juices and absorbs nutrients

a dense mat of extracellular matrix that separates the epithelium from the underlying tissue

functions in the receipt, processing, and transmission of information

the basic units of the nervous system

responsible for voluntary movements; the arrangement gives them a striped appearance

skeletal muscle

lacks striations and has spindle-shaped cells, is found in the walls of many internal organs.  responsible for involuntary activities, such as churning of the stomach and constriction of arteries

striated like skeletal muscle, forms the contractile wall of the heart

consists of cells scattered through an extracellular matrix, often consisting of a web of fibers embedded in a liquid, jellylike, or solid foundation.  Includes loose connective tissue, fibrous connective tissue, and blood and bone

uses internal mechanisms to control internal change in the face of external fluctuation

allows its internal condition to change in accordance with external changes

the fluid that surrounds body cells

"steady state" as in the steady body temperature or the stable concentration of solutes in animals

a particular value for the variable being maintained by homeostasis, such as 37 C for human body temperature

fluctuations in the variable above or below the set point, detected by a receptor "sensor"

a physiological activity that helps return the variable to the set point

the process by which animals maintain an internal temperature within a normal range

warmed mostly by heat generated by metabolism

gain most of their heat from external sources

the transfer of heat (or solutes) between fluids that are flowing in opposite directions

the brain region where the sensors for thermoregulation are concentrated

signaling molecules released into the bloodstream by endocrine cells are carried to all locations in the body

the signaling molecules broadcast throughout the body by the endocrine system

A gland located behind the stomach; stimulated by the hormone secretin into the blood stream, responds by releasing bicarbonate into ducts leading to the duodenum

located at the base of the hypothalamus; where signals from hypo travel; two parts

hormonal signals from the hypothalamus trigger the synthesis and release of hormones from this

an extension of the hypothalamus; stores and releases two hormones: Oxytocin and ADH

a hormone that regulates milk release during nursing in mammals as part of the neuroendocrine pathway

Antidiuretic hormone: promotes retention of eater by kidneys; influences social behavior and bonding

reinforces a stimulus, leading to an even greater response

also called adrenaline; secreted by adrenal glands; raises blood glucose levels, increases blood flow to muscles, decreases blood flow to digestive system

the general term for the processes by which animals control solute concentrations in the interstitial fluid and balance water gain and loss

the process that rids the body of nitrogenous metabolites and other metabolic waste products

total solute concentration expressed as molarity; moles of solute per liter of solution

to be isoosmotic with surroundings; all are marine animals

to control internal osmolarity independent of the environment

a small, toxic molecule produced by nitrogen fixation or as a metabolic waste product of protein and nucleic acid metabolism

a soluble nitrogenous waste produced in the liver by a metabolic cycle that combines ammonia with carbon dioxide

a product of protein and purine metabolism and the major nitrogenous waste product of insects, land snails, and many reptiles.  Uric acid is relatively non-toxic and largely insoluble

one or more layers of epithelial cells specialized for moving particular solutes in controlled amounts in specific directions

water and small solutes, such as salts, sugars, amino acids, and nitrogenous wastes, cross the membrane, forming a solution called this

recovers useful molecules and water form the filtrate and returns them to the body fluids

non-essential solutes and wastes are left in the filtrate or added to it by this

a specialized organ which functions in both osmoregulation and excretion

duct through which urine produced by each kidney exits

tube through which during urination urine is expelled from the bladder

functional units of the vertebrate kidney

cup-shaped swelling which surrounds the glomerulus (ball of capillaries)

earliest type of excretory system (flatworms); flame bulbs grab things from fluid; tons and tons of waste holes, all separate

waste gets thrown into digestive system; food waste and nitrogenous waste come out together

reabsorption is critical for the recapture of ions, water, and valuable nutrients from initial filtrate; NaCl enters, water follows by osmosis

reabsorption of water continues; freely permeable to water; passive transport

salt moves out of nephron; active transport

regulates K+ and NaCl concentrations

carries the filtrate through the medulla to the renal pelvis

expends energy to create a concentration gradient; going in opposite directions causes something to happen

materials that an animal cannot assemble from simpler organic precursors

animals cannot synthesize; contain one or more double bonds

humans require 8, babies 9

organic molecules that are required in the diet in very small amounts

inorganic nutrients that are usually required in small amounts

a diet that fails to provide adequate sources of chemical energy

a failure to obtain adequate nutrition

the act of eating or feeding

the second stage of food processing; food is broken down into molecules small enough for the body to absorb

breaks food into smaller pieces; increasing the surface area for chemical processes

necessary because animal cannot directly use proteins, carbs, nucleic acids, fats, and phospholipids in food

the animal's cells take up small molecules

undigested material passes out of the digestive system

pouch which functions in digestion as well as the distribution of nutrients throughout the body

complete digestive tract; two openings

alternating waves of contraction and relaxation; how food moves down the alimentary canal

ringlike valves in the muscular layer of some junctions between specialized compartments

mouth

deliver saliva through ducts to the oral cavity

hydrolyzes starch and glycogen into smaller polysaccharides and the disaccharide maltose

a viscous mixture of water, salts, cells, and slippery glycoproteins

the ball into which the tongue shapes the food before swallowing

throat region

connects to the stomach

leads to lungs

stores food and begins digestion of proteins

stomach secretes the components of a digestive fluid called this

mixture of ingested food and digestive juice

protein-digesting enzyme; ex. pepsin

breaks peptide bonds and cleaves proteins

enzymatic hydrolysis of macromolecules from food occurs; longest compartment

first 25 cm of small intestine; where chyme mixes with digestive juices from the pancreas, liver, and gallbladder

aids chemical digestion by producing an alkaline solution rich in bicarbonate as well as several enzymes

a mixture of substances made in the liver; contains bile salts which act as emulsifiers that aid in digestion and absorption of lipids

where bile is store and concentrated

finger-like projections lining the lining of the small intestine

blood vessel that leads directly to the liver

includes colon, cecum, rectum

important for fermenting ingested material, especially in animals that eat large amounts of plant material

finger-like extension of the human cecum, has a minor and dispensable role in immunity

wastes of the digestive system

where feces are stored until they can be eliminated; there are two sphincters, inner involuntary, outer voluntary

stores food in other animals

stores and mechanically digests food in other animals

the flow and transformation of energy in an animal

animal's energy rate per unit of time

disease caused by deficiency of insulin or a decreased response to insulin in target cells

the circulatory fluid is also the interstitial fluid; arthropods and some molluscs like clams

circulatory fluid in an open system

blood is confined to vessels and is distinct from the interstitial fluid

closed circulatory system of humans and other vertebrates

carry blood from the heart to the organs throughout the body

microscopic vessels with very thin, porous walls

networks of capillaries

the vessels that carry blood back to the heart

the chambers that receive blood entering the heart

the chambers responsible for pumping blood out of the heart

the blood passes through the heart once in each complete circuit; bony fishes, rays, and sharks

circulatory system with two circuits; amphibians, reptiles, mammals

where there is a net movement of O2 into the blood and CO2 out of the blood

gas exchange where capillary beds involved are the lungs

gas exchange where capillaries are in both lungs and skin (amphibians)

the branch of the circulatory system that supplies oxygenated blood to and carries deoxygenated blood away from organs and tissues throughout the body

one complete sequence of pumping and filling

contraction phase of the cardiac cycle

relaxation phase of the cardiac cycle

lies between each atrium and ventricle

located at the two exits of the heart

pacemaker; sets the rate and timing at which all other cardiac muscles contract

where impulses are delayed so that the atria can empty completely before the ventricles contract

current against time of SA node

the rhythmic bulging of the artery walls with each heartbeat

as the smooth muscles in the arteriole walls contract the arterioles narrow, process called this

when the smooth muscles of the arterioles relax; an increase in diameter which causes blood pressure to decrease

includes a network of tiny vessels intermingled among capillaries of the cardiovascular system; lost fluid and proteins return to the blood via this

fluid lost by capillaries; composition same as interstitial fluid

filter lymph and house cells that attack viruses and bacteria

liquid matrix in which cells are suspended in blood

cell fragments that are involved in the clotting process

multipotent and dedicated to replenishing the body's blood cell populations

the iron-containing protein that transports O2

white blood cells

clot formed within a blood vessel that blocks the flow of blood

delivers cholesterol to cells for membrane production

scavenges excess cholesterol for return to the liver

hardening of the arteries by fatty deposits

myocardial infarction; damage or death of cardiac muscle tissue resulting from blockage of one or more coronary arteries

death of nervous tissue to the brain due to a lack of O2

high blood pressure

the pressure exerted by a particular gas in a mixture of gases

dense network of capillaries facilitates the exchange of gases between the circulatory system and the environment

outfoldings of the body surface that are suspended in the water

movement of the respiratory medium over the respiratory surface

network of air tubes that branch throughout the body

localized respiratory organs

upper part of the respiratory tract

the trachea branches into two of these

air sacs clustered at the tips of the tiniest bronchioles

a material that reduces surface tension

the alternating inhalation and exhalation of air

filling the lungs with forced airflow

pulling, rather than pushing, air into the lungs

a sheet of skeletal muscle that forms the bottom layer wall of the cavity

the volume of air inhaled and exhaled with each breath

tidal volume during maximal inhalation and exhalation

the air that remains after a forced exhalation

circulate with the blood or hemolymph and are often contained within specialized cells; they greatly increase the amount of O2 that can be carried in the circulatory fluid

an enzyme that breaks down bacterial cell walls, acts as a chemical barrier against pathogens ingested with food

white blood cells; are attracted by signals from infected tissues

white blood cells; larger phagocytic cells

circulate through the body and detect the abnormal array of surface proteins characteristic of some virus-infected and cancerous cells

proteins that provide innate defense by interfering with viral infections

proteins circulate in an inactive state and are activated by substances on the surface of many microbes

the changes brought about by signaling molecules released upon injury or infection

white blood cells; T and B cells

an organ in the thoracic cavity above the heart

lymphocytes which migrate from the bone marrow to the thymus

lymphocytes that remain and mature in the bone marrow

any substance that elicits a response from a B cell or T cell

protein to which the B cell or T cell binds to an antigen

the small, accessible portion of an antigen that binds to an antigen receptor

actually go out and do battle

what makes you acquired; doesn't do anything now--but later remembers