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The flashcards below were created by user
melissag94
on FreezingBlue Flashcards.
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are the most versatile and metabolically active cells in the body
liver cells
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release of water, energy and carbon dioxide aka the sum total of all the chemical reactions that go on in the living cells
metabolism
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how body obtains and uses energy from food
energy metabolism
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cell type where chemical reactions occur in the body?
liver cells
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amino acids together to make a protein
anabolism
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glycogen break down to glucose
catabolism
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requires energy, build up
anabolism
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releases energy, breaking down
catabolism
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some of the energy released during the breakdown of glucose, glycerol, fatty acids and amino acids is captured in the?
high energy compound ATP
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contains 3 phosphate groups, which are very easy to split off for energy to power living cells
ATP
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when the body uses ATP to transfer the energy released during catabolic reactions to power anabolic reactions
coupled reactions
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provides energy for all cell activities
ATP
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facilitators of metabolic reactions
enzymes
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coenzymes?
- organic
- associate with enzymes
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with a ____ an enzyme cannot function
coenzyme
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what is broken down in carb digestion?
glucose
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whats broken down in fat digestion?
glycerol and fatty acids
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what is broken down in protein digestion
amino acids
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catabolism is made up of
- carbon
- nitrogen
- oxygen
- hydrogen
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what happens when glucose, glycerol, fatty acids and amino acids break down?
two new compounds emerge
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pyruvate ?
- 3 carbon structure
- can be used to make glucose
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acetyl CoA?
2 carbon structure and can NOT be used to make glucose
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____ can get converted to make glucose
pyruvate
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fatty acids are converted to ____ and therefore cannot make glucose
acetyl CoA
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amino acids and glycerol can be converted to pyruvate and therefore can produce ____
glucose
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ex of anaerobic exercise?
- short distance sprinting
- weight lifting
- 50 free swimming
- tennis
- soccer
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ex of aerobic exercise?
- cross country
- walking
- elliptical
- long distance swimming
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are carbs anaerobic, aerobic or both?
both
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are proteins anaerobic, aerobic or both?
aerobic
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are fats anaerobic, aerobic or both?
aerobic
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what type of energy is used first? 2nd?
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quick energy needs of pyruvate are known as?
anaerobic
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when pyruvate is anaerobic what occurs?
pyruvate to lactate
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when pyruvate is aerobic what occurs?
pyruvate to acetyl CoA
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slower energy needs over longer periods of time
aerobic
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Only __% of the triglyceride can be used to make ___ (glycerol head). The other __% can not make __(fatty acid tails)
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cant be converted back to glucose
ketogenic
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can be converted back to glucose through pyruvate
glucogenic
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metabolism favors/
fat formation
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dietary fat to body fat is the most ?
direct and efficient conversion
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____ and ___ have other roles to fulfill before conversion to body fat
carbohydrate and protein
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when people choose not to eat
fasting
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food is not available and a person has not choice but to not eat
starving
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what happens during the fasting state?
it draws on the fat and glycogen stores and makes them be released
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the minimum energy expended to keep a resting, awake body alive
basal metabolism
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___ of total energy a person expends in a day is attributed to basal metabolism
2/3
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several hours after your glycogen is depleted, your blood glucose begins to fall. At this point, cells with use what for their fuel?
fatty acids
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during fasting what are all used for energy eventually
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low glucose levels signal?
fat breakdown
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during fasting, it begins with release of ____ and ___ ___
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what are an alternate energy source?
ketone bodies
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acetyl CoA fragments derived from fatty acids that are put together
ketone bodies
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in the first few days of a fast, body ___ provides 90% of the needed glucose and ____ provides the other 10%
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As a fast continues, the body finds a way to use ___ to fuel the brain
fat
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what helps to fuel the nervous system?
ketone bodies
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the concentration of ketones rising in the blood and blood pH drops
ketosis
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causes your blood to become acidic
ketosis
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what denatures protein, leaving them unable to function
ketosis
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symptoms of starvation?
- physical symptoms
- psychological symptoms
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slowing of metabolism during fasting?
- hormones
- reduces energy output
- supports weight loss but not fat loss
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what causes a loss of appetite
ketosis
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what causes your metabolism to slow down?
fasting
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what happens in low carb diets?
- metabolism is similar to fasting
- urine monitoring
- ketosis
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what happens in low carb diets when glycogen is depleted?
gluconeogenesis
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moderate alcohol consumption in adults aged 35-65 can be?
beneficial
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dissolves lipids out of cell membranes allowing the alcohol to penetrate into cells, destroying cell structures and killing the cells
alcohol
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needs to digestion and is quickly absorbed across the walls of an empty stomach, reaching the brain within a few minutes
alcohol
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alcohol moderation means?
- 1 drink/day for women
- 2 drinks/day for men
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1 drink?
- 5oz wine
- 10oz wine cooler
- 12 oz beer
- 1.5 oz liquor
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what to do to slow alcohol absorption/
- eat carb snacks
- high fat snacks
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what do carb snacks do? high fat snacks?
- slow alcohol absorption
- keep alcohol in the stomach longer
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first thing that breaks down alchol in the stomach?
alcohol dehydrogenase
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alcohol has priority over nutrients in the ?
small intestine
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first to receive alchol-laden blood?
liver cells
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___ ___ can also make alcohol dehydrogenase to break down alcohol
liver cells
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how much ethanol can the liver process every hour?
1/2 oz
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what is the recommended amount of alcohol per hour?
1 drink per hour
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will build up and get converted to fatty acids and will stored as fat in the body
acetyl CoA
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women produce less ____ ____ than men, and so more alcohol reaches the small intestine for absorption into the bloodstream.
alcohol dehydrogenase
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in the ___ ___ , alcohol is rapidly absorbed. From this point on, alcohol receives ____ treatment and gets absorbed and metabolized before other ____
- small intestine
- priority
- nutrients
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the first stage of liver deterioration
fatty liver
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this is reversible with abstinence from alcohol
fatty liver
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2nd stage of liver deterioration. when liver cells begin to die and fibrous scar tissue is formed on the liver
fibrosis
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good nutrition and abstinence from alcohol can cause liver cells to rejuvenate, but scar tissue stays
fibrosis
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final stage of alcohol deterioration, damage is not reversible
cirrhosis
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3 stages of liver deterioration/
- fatty liver
- fibrosis
- cirrhosis
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alcohol causes you to lose your ability to retain ____ (b vitamin_, which devastate the
- folate
- digestive system function
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can lead to a thiamin deficiency (b vitamin)
chronic alcohol use
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a thiamin deficiency seen in alcoholics that is characterized by paralysis of eye muscles, poor muscle coordination, impaired memory and damaged nerves
Wernicke-karsakoff syndrome
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15 drinks per week of more
binge drinking
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