Ch7 NTD303

are the most versatile and metabolically active cells in the body

release of water, energy and carbon dioxide aka the sum total of all the chemical reactions that go on in the living cells

how body obtains and uses energy from food

cell type where chemical reactions occur in the body?

amino acids together to make a protein

glycogen break down to glucose

requires energy, build up

releases energy, breaking down

some of the energy released during the breakdown of glucose, glycerol, fatty acids and amino acids is captured in the?

contains 3 phosphate groups, which are very easy to split off for energy to power living cells

when the body uses ATP to transfer the energy released during catabolic reactions to power anabolic reactions

provides energy for all cell activities

facilitators of metabolic reactions

coenzymes?

with a ____ an enzyme cannot function

what is broken down in carb digestion?

whats broken down in fat digestion?

what is broken down in protein digestion

catabolism is made up of

what happens when glucose, glycerol, fatty acids and amino acids break down?

2 new compounds?

pyruvate ?

acetyl CoA?

____ can get converted to make glucose

fatty acids are converted to ____ and therefore cannot make glucose

amino acids and glycerol can be converted to pyruvate and therefore can produce ____

ex of anaerobic exercise?

ex of aerobic exercise?

are carbs anaerobic, aerobic or both?

are proteins anaerobic, aerobic or both?

are fats anaerobic, aerobic or both?

what type of energy is used first? 2nd?

quick energy needs of pyruvate are known as?

when pyruvate is anaerobic what occurs?

when pyruvate is aerobic what occurs?

slower energy needs over longer periods of time

Only __% of the triglyceride can be used to make ___ (glycerol head). The other __% can not make __(fatty acid tails)

cant be converted back to glucose

can be converted back to glucose through pyruvate

metabolism favors/

dietary fat to body fat is the most ?

____ and ___ have other roles to fulfill before conversion to body fat

when people choose not to eat

food is not available and a person has not choice but to not eat

what happens during the fasting state?

the minimum energy expended to keep a resting, awake body alive

___ of total energy a person expends in a day is attributed to basal metabolism

several hours after your glycogen is depleted, your blood glucose begins to fall. At this point, cells with use what for their fuel?

during fasting what are all used for energy eventually

low glucose levels signal?

during fasting, it begins with release of ____ and ___ ___

what are an alternate energy source?

acetyl CoA fragments derived from fatty acids that are put together

in the first few days of a fast, body ___ provides 90% of the needed glucose and ____ provides the other 10%

As a fast continues, the body finds a way to use ___ to fuel the brain

what helps to fuel the nervous system?

the concentration of ketones rising in the blood and blood pH drops

causes your blood to become acidic

what denatures protein, leaving them unable to function

symptoms of starvation?

slowing of metabolism during fasting?

what causes a loss of appetite

what causes your metabolism to slow down?

what happens in low carb diets?

what happens in low carb diets when glycogen is depleted?

moderate alcohol consumption in adults aged 35-65 can be?

dissolves lipids out of cell membranes allowing the alcohol to penetrate into cells, destroying cell structures and killing the cells

needs to digestion and is quickly absorbed across the walls of an empty stomach, reaching the brain within a few minutes

alcohol moderation means?

1 drink?

what to do to slow alcohol absorption/

what do carb snacks do? high fat snacks?

first thing that breaks down alchol in the stomach?

alcohol has priority over nutrients in the ?

2 types of alchols?

first to receive alchol-laden blood?

___ ___ can also make alcohol dehydrogenase to break down alcohol

how much ethanol can the liver process every hour?

what is the recommended amount of alcohol per hour?

will build up and get converted to fatty acids and will stored as fat in the body

women produce less ____ ____ than men, and so more alcohol reaches the small intestine for absorption into the bloodstream.

in the ___ ___ , alcohol is rapidly absorbed. From this point on, alcohol receives ____ treatment and gets absorbed and metabolized before other ____

the first stage of liver deterioration

this is reversible with abstinence from alcohol

2nd stage of liver deterioration. when liver cells begin to die and fibrous scar tissue is formed on the liver

good nutrition and abstinence from alcohol can cause liver cells to rejuvenate, but scar tissue stays

final stage of alcohol deterioration, damage is not reversible

3 stages of liver deterioration/

alcohol causes you to lose your ability to retain ____ (b vitamin_, which devastate the

can lead to a thiamin deficiency (b vitamin)

a thiamin deficiency seen in alcoholics that is characterized by paralysis of eye muscles, poor muscle coordination, impaired memory and damaged nerves

15 drinks per week of more