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The flashcards below were created by user
Annjones430
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Neuron
- Nerve Cells
- Can send neuro-impulse to glands, other neurons, and muscles.
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Cell Body
- Nutrients enter and eliminated here
- Contains high concentration of potassium and low concentration of sodium and chloride.
- Concentrations reversed outside of the body and creates electrical current
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Dendrites
- Very small projections
- Carry neuro impulses to cell body (afferent process)
- Very numerous
- Receive info from axon
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Axon
Carries neuro impulses away from body (efferent process)
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Neuro Impulse
Message that tells receiver what to do
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Synapse
- Juncture at which the neuro impulse is transferred from one neuron to another
- 100 trillion can occur in brain
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Myelin
- Fatty sheet that insulates the longer or larger axons
- Increases the speed of the impulse/message
- MS is a breakdown of this
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Neurotransmitters
- Released when message reaches the end of axon
- Chemicals manufactured in the cell body and released from axon
- They cross the synaptic cleft to receptors on receiving dendrite
- 30 different types of them; unique lock and key
- Deficiencies: mental illness and Parkinson's disease
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3 sections of the Nervous System
- Central (CNS)
- Peripheral (PNS)
- Autonomic (ANS)
* ANS can be part of PNS
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Central Nervous System (CNS)
- Brian
- Spinal Chord
- Meninges
- Ventricles
- Blood Supply
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Peripheral Nervous System (PNS)
Cranial and Spinal Nerves
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Autonomic Nervous System
Parasympathetic and Sympathetic Divisions
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Cerebrum
- Largest portion of the brain
- Composed of 2 cerebral hemispheres and Basal Ganglia
- Covered by Cerebral Cortex which is composed of sulci/fissures (groves on surface of brain)
- Gyri: elevations/ridges on the brain
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Cerebral Hemispheres
- Connected by corpus callosum: mass of white matter
- Passes neurological information from one side of brain to other
- Left: Language; Logic; Analytical
- Right: Creative; Perceptual; Spacial
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Longitudinal Cerebral Fissure
- Runs from front to back of brain
- Separates 2 hemispheres
- See corpus callosum through it
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4 Lobes of Each Hemishere
- Frontal Lobe
- Parietal Lobe
- Temporal Lobe
- Occipital Lobe
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Central Sulcus
- Divides brain into front and back parts
- Runs across both hemispheres
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Frontal Lobe
- Contains precentral gyrus/primary motor strip
- Controls voluntary muscle movements on opposite sides of body
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Homunculus
- Represents neurons from the motor strip designated for certain parts of the body
- More neurons needed for fine motor movements than gross
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Brocas Area
- Located in frontal lobe
- Motor Strip
- Motor Speech Planning
- Associated with apraxia of speech: motor planning problem that makes encoding difficult
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Parietal Lobe
Bound in front by Central Sulcus
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Postcentral Gyrus
- Located in parietal lobe behind central sulcus
- Primary sensory strip
- Receives information; hot vs cold
- Relays information involving temperature, pain, touch, proprioception (knowing where one body part is in relation to another)
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Temporal Lobe
Responsible for hearing
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Heschl's Gyrus
- Located in Temporal Lobe (Left Hemisphere)
- Primary Auditory Cortex
- Responsible for meaning of sound (if damaged, difficulty putting meaning to sound)
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Wernicke's Area
- Located in Temporal Lobe (Left Hemisphere)
- Auditory comprehension of Language
- Next to Heschl's Gyrus
- If damaged, cannot understand people's speech and their own speech doesn't make sense.
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Occipital Lobe
- Back of cerebral
- Primary visual cortex
- Responsible for vision and visual perception
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Basal Ganglia
- Gray matter
- Below cerebral cortex
- Composed of several different structures
- Responsible for controling and stabalizing motor functions and interpreting sensory information
- Just above and around the brain stem
- Cranial Nerve exits through brain stem
- Information goes from motor strip to muscles through here
- Information comes into sensory strip through here
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Dysarthria
- Impairment in oral communication due to paralysis, weakness, or incoordination of speech muscles
- May involve respiration
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Cerebellum
- Under base of occipital lobe at the back
- Contains left and right hemisphere
- Coordinates skilled voluntary muscle movement that are planned in motor strip
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Brain Stem
- Projects upward into brain between cerebral hemispheres
- Contains several structures: Medulla (lowermost section; Pons (middle); and Midbrain (uppermost part)
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Spinal Cord
- Vertebrae: bony structure
- Extends from foramen magnum: large opening in base of skull
- Extends down lower back
- Encased in vertebral column
- Cross Section: H shaped picture of gray matter (motor and sensory neurons) surrounded by white matter
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Cerebrospinal Fluid (CSF)
- Flows around spinal cord and brain
- Fills ventricles of brain
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Meninges
- 3 membranes below bone of skull
- Cushion and protect the brain
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3 Membranes of Meninges
- Dura Mater (Tough Mother): closest to skull; fairly strong
- Arachnoid Mater (Spider Mother): Porous and web like; space for arteries, veins, and cerebrospinal fluid
- Pia Mater (Delicate): thin fragile membrane closest to brain
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Ventricles
- Cavities within brain
- Connected by canals and ducts
- Filled with Cerebrospinal fluid which brings nutrition to nerve tissue
- Regulates intracranial pressure
- Hydrocephalus: too much cerebrospinal fluid Helps cushion brain
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Lateral Fissure
Separation between frontal and temporal lobes
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