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rwischnewski
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deviance?
the recognized violation of cultural norms
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crime?
the violation of a society's formally enacted criminal law
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social control?
attempts by society to regulate people's thoughts and behaviors
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criminal justice system?
the organizations- police, courts, and prison officials- that respond to alleged violation of the law
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labeling theory?
the idea that deviance and conformity result not so much from what people do as from how others respond to those actions
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stigma?
a powerfully negative label that greatly changes a person's self-concept and social identity
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medicaliazation of deviance?
the transformation of moral and legal deviance into a medical condition
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white-collar crime?
crime committed by people of high social position in the course of their occupations
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corporate crime?
the illegal actions of a corporation or people acting on its behalf
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organized crime?
a business supplying illegal goods or services
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hate crime?
a criminal act against a person or a person's property by an offender motivated by racial or other bias
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plea bargaining?
a legal negotiation in which a prosecutor reduces a charge in exchange for a defendant's guilty plea
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retribution?
an act of moral vengeance by which society makes the offender suffer as much as the suffering caused by the crime
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deterrence?
the attempt to discourage criminality through the use of punishment
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rehabilitation?
a program for reforming the offender to prevent later offenses
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societal protection?
rendering an offender incapable of further offenses temporarily through imprisonment or permanently by execution
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criminal recidivism?
later offenses by people previously convicted of crimes
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community-based corrections?
correctional programs operating within society at large rather than behind prison walls
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Durkheim claimed that deviance is a normal element of society that (4):
- affirms cultural norms and values
- clarifies moral boundaries
- brings people together
- encourages social change
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_________'s ________ theory explains deviance in terms of a society's cultural goals that the means available to achieve them .
Merton's strain
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What are the types of theories explaining Deviance? (3)
- Biological theories
- Psychological theories
- Sociological theories
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Biological theories? (2)
- focus on individual abnormality
- explain human behavior as the result of biological instincts
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Psychological theories? (2)
- focuses on individual abnormality
- see deviance as the result of "unsuccessful socialization"
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__________ claimed that criminal have apelike physical traits; later research links criminal behavior to certain body types and genetics.
Lombroso
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Sociological theories? (3)
- what is deviant varies from place to place according to cultural norms
- behavior and individuals become deviant as others define them that way
- what and who a society defines as deviant reflect who has and does not have social power
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What are the symbolic-interaction theories? (4)
- labeling theory
- medicalization of deviance
- Sutherland's differential association theory
- Hirschi's control theory
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Hirschi's control theory?
states that imagining the possible consequences of deviance often discourages such behavior. People who are well integrate into society are less likely to engage in deviant behavior.
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About _____% of people arrested for property crimes and ______% of people arrested for violent crimes are ______.
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Official statistics show that arrest rates peak in late __________ and drop steadily with age.
adolescence
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______ crime is more common among people of lower social position.
Street
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More _____ than African Americans are arrested for street crimes. However African Americans are arrested more than _____ in relation to their population size.
whites
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______ Americans have a lower-than-average rate of arrest.
Asian
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crimes against the person?
crimes that direct violence or the threat of violence against others; also known as violent crimes
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crimes against property?
crimes that involve theft of money or property belonging to others; also known as property crimes
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victimless crimes?
violations of law in which there are no obvious victims
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By _____ standards, the U.S. crime rate is high.
world
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The police maintain public order by _______ the law.
enforcing
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What are the four justifications for punishment?
- retribution
- deterrence
- rehabilitation
- societal protection
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