Sociology Chapter 7

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  1. deviance?
    the recognized violation of cultural norms
  2. crime?
    the violation of a society's formally enacted criminal law
  3. social control?
    attempts by society to regulate people's thoughts and behaviors
  4. criminal justice system?
    the organizations- police, courts, and prison officials- that respond to alleged violation of the law
  5. labeling theory?
    the idea that deviance and conformity result not so much from what people do as from how others respond to those actions
  6. stigma?
    a powerfully negative label that greatly changes a person's self-concept and social identity
  7. medicaliazation of deviance?
    the transformation of moral and legal deviance into a medical condition
  8. white-collar crime?
    crime committed by people of high social position in the course of their occupations
  9. corporate crime?
    the illegal actions of a corporation or people acting on its behalf
  10. organized crime?
    a business supplying illegal goods or services
  11. hate crime?
    a criminal act against a person or a person's property by an offender motivated by racial or other bias
  12. plea bargaining?
    a legal negotiation in which a prosecutor reduces a charge in exchange for a defendant's guilty plea
  13. retribution?
    an act of moral vengeance by which society makes the offender suffer as much as the suffering caused by the crime
  14. deterrence?
    the attempt to discourage criminality through the use of punishment
  15. rehabilitation?
    a program for reforming the offender to prevent later offenses
  16. societal protection?
    rendering an offender incapable of further offenses temporarily through imprisonment or permanently by execution
  17. criminal recidivism?
    later offenses by people previously convicted of crimes
  18. community-based corrections?
    correctional programs operating within society at large rather than behind prison walls
  19. Durkheim claimed that deviance is a normal element of society that (4):
    • affirms cultural norms and values 
    • clarifies moral boundaries 
    • brings people together
    • encourages social change
  20. _________'s ________ theory explains deviance in terms of a society's cultural goals that the means available to achieve them .
    Merton's strain
  21. What are the types of theories explaining Deviance? (3)
    • Biological theories 
    • Psychological theories 
    • Sociological theories
  22. Biological theories? (2)
    • focus on individual abnormality 
    • explain human behavior as the result of biological instincts
  23. Psychological theories? (2)
    • focuses on individual abnormality 
    • see deviance as the result of "unsuccessful socialization"
  24. __________ claimed that criminal have apelike physical traits; later research links criminal behavior to certain body types and genetics.
    Lombroso
  25. Sociological theories? (3)
    • what is deviant varies from place to place according to cultural norms 
    • behavior and individuals become deviant as others define them that way
    • what and who a society defines as deviant reflect who has and does not have social power
  26. What are the symbolic-interaction theories? (4)
    • labeling theory 
    • medicalization of deviance 
    • Sutherland's differential association theory 
    • Hirschi's control theory
  27. Hirschi's control theory?
    states that imagining the possible consequences of deviance often discourages such behavior.  People who are well integrate into society are less likely to engage in deviant behavior.
  28. About _____% of people arrested for property crimes and ______% of people arrested for violent crimes are ______.
    • 62
    • 80
    • males
  29. Official statistics show that arrest rates peak in late __________ and drop steadily with age.
    adolescence
  30. ______ crime is more common among people of lower social position.
    Street
  31. More _____ than African Americans are arrested for street crimes.  However African Americans are arrested more than _____ in relation to their population size.
    whites
  32. ______ Americans have a lower-than-average rate of arrest.
    Asian
  33. crimes against the person?
    crimes that direct violence or the threat of violence against others; also known as violent crimes
  34. crimes against property?
    crimes that involve theft of money or property belonging to others; also known as property crimes
  35. victimless crimes?
    violations of law in which there are no obvious victims
  36. By _____ standards, the U.S. crime rate is high.
    world
  37. The police maintain public order by _______ the law.
    enforcing
  38. What are the four justifications for punishment?
    • retribution
    • deterrence 
    • rehabilitation 
    • societal protection

Card Set Information

Author:
 rwischnewski
ID:
 268664
Filename:
 Sociology Chapter 7
Updated:
2014-03-31 23:10:31
Tags:
Sociology Chap7
Folders:
Sociology
Description:
Socicology: Chapter 7: Deviance
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