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* Ottawas, Hurons and other Indians besieged Detroit then a major British military outpost for intruding on Indian lands
* London issued proclamation prohibiting further colonial settlement west of Appalachian Mountains
* land now reserved for Indians and cannot be sold to individuals
* Brit gov wanted to avoid border conflicts
* George Washington ignored proclamation and ordered secret sales of Indian land
* Proclamation exacerbated settler-Indian relations
Proclamation line of 1763
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* Articles written by English Whigs (Country Party)
* Very popular in America
* Warning against constant tendency of political power to infringe upon liberty
* beware ambition, power, etc...leads to corruption * by John Trenchard and Thomas Gordon
“Cato’s Letters”
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* shoemaker who fought against the French in Seven Year's War
* led riots opposing Stamp Tax
* arrested after Hutchinson's home was destroyed by riot
* released by Royal Nine; merchants and craftsman leading opposition
Ebenezer Mackintosh
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Parliament claims they represent everyone even those who do not vote
“Virtual Representation”
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Parliament declares they have the right to make laws and statutes for the colonies
Declaratory Act
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* member of Sons Rebellion
* involved in Boston Massacre
* voted for Independence for Massachusetts
* cousin for John Adams
Samuel Adams
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* Charles Townshend; chancellor of Exchequer
* import tax on tea, paint, lead glass
* established Board of Customs Commissioners and colonial vice-admiralty courts
* repealed, except tax on tea
Townshend Duties
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* advocate for independence
* felt Pennsylvania's constitution was too democratic
* forces Congress to send Olive Branch Petition
* lawyer from Pennsylvania
* Leader of Stamp Act protests
* Does not vote for independence in congress
John Dickinson
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* member of Sons of Liberty
* wealthiest member
* was President of Congress for a while during the Articles of Confederation
John Hancock
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* Clash between British soldiers and Boston mob; 5 colonists were killed
* giving British soldiers stationed there a hard time
* Americans don't want to pay for the soldiers there
* Paul Revere calls it Massacre to circulate propaganda
Boston Massacre
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* patriots leading opposition to the Stamp Tax
* Sam Adams
Sons of Liberty
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* British march into Concord to confiscate gun powder possessed by Americans
* Some 49 Americans were killed; 73 killed in Royal Army
* Considered the beginning of the revolution
* Paul Revere rode around and shouted that the regulars were coming out
* skirmish took place in Lexington first (accidental shooting) and again at Concord
Concord and Lexington
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* petition to George III reaffirming Americans' loyalty to the crown
* hoped for "permanent reconciliation"
* wanted to return to the way before Stamp Act
Olive Branch Petition
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* Sons of Liberty member
* exaggerates Boston Massacre for Porpaganda
* informs colonists of British Soldiers arrival at Concord
Paul Revere
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* British Governor of Virginia
* tries to recruit slaves to fight for the British
Lord Dunmore
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* written by Thomas Paine
----- writes for common readers
-----intellectual vernacular
* pamphlet supporting American independence
* attack on Constitution of England, hereditary rule and monarchical government
Common Sense
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* helps tie French alliance
* diplomat from Pennsylvania sent to France as diplomat
* renaissance man who discovered electrical polarity
Benjamin Franklin
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Why was the Stamp Act considered to be illegal? What methods did the Americans use to oppose the tax? What was the result?
Stamp Act 1764
- ---* First direct tax from Parliament
- ---* taxed cards, dive, books, newspaper, legal documents
- ---* Americans refuse to pay the tax
- ---* Americans riot
- ---* Repealed later
Declaratory Act
- ---* after Stamp Act Parliament declares they have the right to make laws and statutes for the colonies
- ---* Americans want to actually vote
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Why did Tea become a central issue in British-American relations? (3 parts) What happened?
- Townshend Duties
- ---* Charles Townshend; chancellor of Exchequer
- ---* import tax on tea, paint, lead glass
- ---* established Board of Customs Commissioners and colonial vice-admiralty courts
- ---* repealed, except tax on tea
Tea Act 1773
- ---* reduces the cost of tea (despite tax) but give monopoly to British East India Co. to sell in America
- ---* East India Co. needs trade advantage
Tea Party
- ---* event know a group of Americans threw more than 300 chests tea into the ocean
- ---* group were disguised as Indians
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What was the purpose of the “Coercive Acts?” What did they stipulate?
Coercive Acts
- * punishment to Americans to retrieve money lost from the Boston Tea Party
- * parliament closed the port of Boston until tea was paid
- * Parliament empowered military commanders to lodge soldiers in private homes
- * New Quatering Act
- * Administration of Justice Act
- * Parliament enacted Quebec Act; granted legal toleration to the Roman Catholic Church in Canada
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Breed's Hill battle
British soldiers battle to capture the fort on hill
Bunker Hill
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* Shows up in the Continental Congress/Association
* appointed to arrange the militia of Americans
* later, he would advocate for the prohibition of slavery
* First President of U.S.A.
George Washington
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* Member of Sons of Liberty
* advocate for Independence
* defended the British soldiers in the Boston Massacre
* Encourage Thomas Paine to write the Declaration of Independence
* Was vice-president during Washington's presidency
* Became second president of the United States after Washington
John Adams
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* member of the Sons of Liberty
* Became secretary of State during Washington's presidency
* Leader of Jeffersonians
* Became Vice-President during John Adams presidency
Thomas Jefferson
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* Sir William Howe had pushed Washington's army across the East River
* Washington's army dwindled to less than 3000
* Washington restored morale by launching successful surprise attacks on Hessian soldiers at this town in New Jersey
Trenton, Battle of
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* a series of measures approved by Congress during 1780s
* drafted by Thomas Jefferson
* established self-government for the West
* No slaves in the new states: Wisconsin, Michigan, Illinois, Indiana, Ohio
Northwest Ordinance
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* upstate New York
* Major defeat of British general John Burgoyne
* more than 5000 British troops at this town in New York
* the French allied with Americans to fight the British
Saratoga
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* symbol of French ally; most trustworthy
* fought at Washington's side in War of Independence
* becomes general in American Army
Lafayette
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* group that retained allegiance to the crown
* 20-25% of population belonged to this group
* most numerous in New York
Loyalists
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* Mohawk Indian
* hoped to create an Indian confederacy lying between Canada and U.S.
* sided with British
Joseph Brant
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General who led attack on Lord Charles Cornwallis (Brit commander in the South)
Nathanael Greene
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* British encampment in Virginia under Lord Cornwallis
* last big battle of the war
* Washington rushed his troops to block British escape by land (augmented by French troops led by Marquis de Lafayette)
* French fleet blocks entrance to the Chesapeake bay preventing Brit fleets from resupplying Cornwallis
Yorktown
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* 85 essays that explain the constitution or message to encourage the public support
* Authors: Hamilton, Madison, Jay
* Federalist #10 was most important: called for factions
Federalists Papers
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according to the original constitution, this part of government gets to elect the president
Electoral College
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Describe the governing document first used by the United States after declaring independence? What problems did it have? Who supported it and why?
- Articles of Confederation
- ---* very week federal government
- ---* most power were given to states
- ---* One house; unicameral
- ---* Each state can only get one vote
- ---* Federal government can declare war and regulate foreign affairs
- ---* States can tax and draft soldiers
- ---* No president to enforce laws; only president of Congress
- ---* no judiciary branch to interpret law; no checks and balances
Anti-Federalists
- ---* opposed to Federal power
- ---* feared a powerful central government
- ---* supported Articles of Confederation
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Explain the causes of Shay’s Rebellion and how it turned out? What was the significance?
Shay's Rebellion 1786
- ---* Western Massachusetts
- ---* debt-ridden farmers closed courts to prevent the seizure of their land for failure to pay taxes
- ---* called "regulators"
- ---* farmers want "stay laws"
- ---* citizens take up arms; seize a federal armory
- ---* led by Daniel Shays; vet of War of Independence
- ---* Governor James Bowdoin dispatched army to arrest 1000 and disperse crowd
- Significance
- ---* stronger federal government
- ---* we need new constitution
- Opinions
- ---* Thomas Jefferson: a little rebellion here and there is good
- ---* James Madison: liberty may be endangered by the abuse of liberty and power
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Explain the two major compromises necessary in order to achieve ratification of the Constitution.
- The Great Compromise
- * populous states receive more representatives, but all states receive 2 senators each
Other compromises
* slave states count 3/5 of their slaves as population
* fugitive slave clause, 3/5 clause, and electoral college
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Who were the authors of the Federalist Papers? What was their purpose? What problem was Federalist 10 meant to solve and how did it do that?
* Authors: Hamilton, Madison and Jay all under pen name Publius
* rather than posing a danger to American liberty, the Constitution protected it
* Government was an expression of freedom with checks and balances
* the goal was to persuade the public to accept the Constitution
* The problem was faction
* examples: Ancient Greeks fell apart due to factions
* votes could sway one way due to factions (a concern)
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* started tax rebellion
* tax considered as repugnant to liberty
* Washing sent 13,000 militia to suppress rebellion
Whiskey Rebellion
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* won victory over the Indians
* called Fallen Timbers
* makes it safe for Americans to move to Ohio
Mad Anthony Wayne
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* French envoy seeking support for French Revolution
* Washington administration recalled his effort and claimed to be neutral
* later stayed in American and married daughter of George Clinton
Citizen Genet
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* John Jay negotiated an agreement in 1794: contained no British concessions on impressment nor the rights of American shipping
* treaty canceled the American-French alliance and recognize British economic and naval supremacy
The Jay Treaty
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* American diplomats are sent to France to negotiate a treaty to replace the old alliance
* French wanted to bribes before proceedings
XYZ affair
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* ran as vice-president with Jefferson's campaign for presidency
* ran as president in 1800; conflict with Jefferson's campaign when they tied
* House of Reps had no majority for either
* Hamilton intervened and supported Jefferson and tipped the balance
* Later, started a militia to form a new nation in the West from unclaimed land
* He killed Hamilton in a duel years later
Aaron Burr
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* 1798: created animosity against the French due to Jay Treaty
* war at sea between ships
Quasi War
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* general during Adams presidency
* wanted to keep rebels in form
* he dreams of empire
Alexander Hamilton
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* allowed the deportation of persons from abroad deemed "dangerous" by federal authorities
* Alien Act--extended naturalization period from 5 to 14 years; president can deport aliens during war
* Sedition Act--prison terms for those who bring government into disrepute (false, seditious, scandalous speech)
Alien and Sedition Acts
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* Jeffersonian
*Same ideals as T. Jefferson
James Madison
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* Judicial review case; to declare law unconstitutional
* under Justice John Marshall
Marbury v. Madison
-
Justice during the Marbury v. Madison case
John Marshall
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*President Jefferson purchased the territory from France
*west of Mississippi all the way south to Mexico
Louisiana Purchase
-
* Republican campaign: Jefferson and Liberty
* Republicans had developed effective techniques for mobilizing voters
* constitutional crisis between two running mates tied for presidency
“The Revolution of 1800”
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Describe the political agenda of the Federalists and the Democratic-Republicans (Jeffersonians)
- Federalists
- -Hamilton (Treasury of Secretary)
- -Washington (President of US)
- -John Adams
- -Bank of US: Assume state debts, issue bonds, establish credit
- -Tariff, excise whiskey
- -National Army
- -Subsidies for Manufacturing
- -British Model
- -Traditional style for government, like title, coach...cape?
- Democratic Republicans (Jeffersonians)
- -Jefferson (Sec. of State)
- -James Madison
- -State Banks
- -Tariffs only
- -Citizen soldiers/militia
- -Nation of farmers to produce for the world (farmers are good citizens)
- -Free Trade
- -Sympathy to France
- -Republican style of simplicity
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