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a. Largest and most diverse group of plants other than the __
i. Differentiation of modern ferns took place in __ after the formation of diverse forests of angiosperms increased the ferns range of habitat
- angiosperms
- Upper Cretaceous period
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Habitat
- i. Tropics (3/4); ferns are abundant in many plant communities
- ii. Temperate (1/4)
- iii. 1/3 grow over trunks or branches of trees as epiphytes
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Structure
- i. Some small; have undivided elaves
- ii. Some have leaves with a long, twining rachis that may be up to 30 meters or more in length
- iii. Some tree ferns can reach heights of 24 meters and have leaves 5 meters or more in length; trunks may be 30 cm or more thick and their tissues are primary
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How many and what are they called of sporangia?
two
- eusporangiate
- leptosporangiate
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1. Eusporangium: the parent cells, or __, are located at the __ from which the sporangium is produced
a. Divide by the __,, producing an __
i. The outer cell layer, by further __, builds up the __of the __
ii. The inner layer gives rise to__ from which the __ cells ultimately arise
1. Innermost wall layer comprises __(provides nourishment to the developing spores)
- initials
- surface of the tissue
- formation of walls parallel to the surface
- inner and an outer series of cells
- divisions in both planes
- several-layered wall
- sporangium
- a mass of irregularly oriented cells
- spore mother
- tapetum
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a. In many eurosporangia, the inner walls are __ during the course of development, so that the walls may apparently consist of a __ at maturity
b. They are larger than __and contain many more spores; they also are characteristic of all __—including the lycophytes—except for leptosporangiate
- stretched and compressed
- single layer of cells
- leptosporangia
- vascular plants
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1. Leptosporangia: arise from a __, which divides __
a. The inner of the two cells produced by this may either __or more commonly, __
- single superficial initial cell
- transversely or obliquely
- contribute cells that produce a large part of the sporangial stalk
- remain inactive and play no role in the further development of the sporangium
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a. By a precise pattern of division, the outer cell gives rise to an __, with a __ having a wall that is one cell thick
i. Within this wall is the two-layered __characteristic of __
1. The inner mass of the __eventually differentiates into __, which undergo __to produce __ each
- elaborate, stalked sporangium
- spherical capsule
- tapetum
- leptosporangia
- leptosporangium
- spore mother cells
- meiosis
- four spores
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a. After nourishing the young dividing cells within the sporangium, material from the __is deposited around the spores, creating __
i. The spores are exposed after development of a __of the sporangium
1. The sporangia are __, and each contains a special layer of __ called an __
- tapetum
- surface features
- crack in the lip cells
- stalked
- unevenly thick-walled cells called an annulus
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a. As the sporangium dries out, __of the annulus causes __ in the __
i. The sudden explosion and snapping back of the annulus to its original then results in a __
ii. In europsporangia, the stalks are __ and there is no __and no __
- contraction
- tearing in the middle of the capsule
- catapult-like discharge of the spores
- more massive
- annulus
- catapult-like
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a. Most living ferns are __, producing only one kind of spore
i. __, with both microspores and megaspores produced, is restricted to the water ferns
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i. Eusporangiate Ferns: __
Psilotopsida
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1. Psilotopsida: the homosporous ferns, Ophioglossales and Psilotaes
a. A __ is produced each year from the stem consisting of a __and a __, which can be __in the same way as the vegetative portion and bears __ on the outermost segments
- single leaf
- vegetative portion (blade)
- fertile segment
- dissected
- two rows of eusporangia
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a. The sporophyte of Psilotum consists of a __with __ and a __, or a system of __with many __with may __
i. A symbiotic fungus—an __—is present in the __
1. The sporangia are generally aggregated in groups of three on the __
- dichotomously branching aerial portion
- small scalelike “foliar” structures
- branching underground portion
- rhizomes
- rhizomes
- rhizoids
- endomycorrhizal glomeromycete
- outer cortical cells of the rhizomes
- ends of short, lateral branches
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a. The gametophytes of Psilotum, Botrychium, and Ophioglossum are __(3)__ structures with numerous __; they contain __
i. Some Psilotum gametophytes contain __
1. The gametophytes are __, bearing both antheridia and archegonia
a. The sperm are __and require water to swim to the eggs
- subterranean, tuberous, elongated
- rhizoids
- symbiotic fungi
- vascular tissue
- bisexual
- multiflagellated
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1. Homosporous Leptosporangiate Ferns
a. Most garden and woodland ferns of temperate regions have __ that produce new sets of leaves each year
i. The fern embryo produces a __, but this soon withers, and the rest o the roots arise from the __near the bases of the leaves
- siphonostelic rhizomes
- true root
- rhizomes
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i. The leaves, or __, are __and the most noticeable
ii. Their high __ allows them to capture sunlight much more effectively than the __ of __
1. The ferns are the only __ to possess well-developed __
2. Commonly, the fronds are __; that is the __is divided into __, or __, which are attached to the __, an extension of the leaf stalk, or __
3. In nearly all ferns, the young leaves are __; they are reffered to as __
- fronds
- megaphylls
- surface- to-volume ratio
- microphylls of lycophytes
- seedless vascular plants
- megaphylls
- compound
- lamina
- leaflets
- pinnae
- rachis
- petiole
- coiled (circinate)
- fiddleheads
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a. This type of leaf development is called __
b. Uncoiling of the fiddlehead results from __ of the leaf early in development and is mediated by the __ produced by the young __on the inner side of the __
2. This type of vernation does what
Both __ and __ are usually clothed with either __ or __, both of which are __
- circinate vernation
- more rapid growth on the inner that on the outer surface
- hormone auxin
- pinnae
- fiddlehead
- protects the delicate embryonic leaf tip during development
- fiddleheads and rhizomes
- hairs or scales
- epidermal outgrowths
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a. The __occur on the margins or lower surfaces of the __, __, or __
i. They occur in clusters called __, which may also be covered by specialized outgrowths of the leaf, the __, which may __when the sporangia are ripe and ready to shed their spores
- sporangia
- leaves, on specially modified leaves, or on separate stalks
- sori
- indusial
- shrivel
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1. The shape of the __, its position, and the presence or absence of an __are important characteristics in the taxonomy of the Polypodiopsida
ii. The spores of ferns in this class give rise to __, whch are found in moist places,
- sorus
- indusium
- free-living, potentially bisexual gametophytes
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1. The gametophyte develops rapidly into a flat, heart-shaped, usually membranous structure, the __, that has numerous __on its central lower surface
a. Both antheridia and archegonia develop on the __
i. the antheridia is more typical to occur among the __, while the archegonia are usually formed near the __, an indentation at the anterior end of the gametophyte
- prothallus
- rhizoids
- ventral surface fo the prothallus
- rhizoids
- notch
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i. the order of appearance of these gametangia is controlled __and can be mediated by __ produced by the gametophytes
ii. the timing of __ can determine what?
iii. water required for __
- genetically
- special chemicals
- maturation of the antheridia and archegonia
- whether self-fertilization or cross-fertilization takes place
- sperm to swim to eggs
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i. early in development, the embryo receives nutrients from the __through a __-->rapidly develops and the __ becomes an __ at which time the __
ii. typically, the sporophyte is the __ of ferns and the __ is __
- gametophyte
- footà
- sporophyte becomes an independent plant
- gametophyte disintegrates
- pernnnial stage
- small, thalloid gamete is short-lived
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1. Heterosporous Leptosporangiate Ferns
a. __ are these; only living heterosporous ferns
b. Have __, beanshaped reproductive structures called __, which may remain viable even after 100 years of dry storage, germinate when placed in water to produce chains of __, each bearing a __ and a __
i. Azolla is one
- Water ferns
- drought-resistant
- sporocarps
- sori
- meta and a microsporangia
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1. Equisetophytes: Homosporous
a. The equisetophyte have a species of Equisetum, which are known as __and are widespread in moist or damp places, by streams, along edge of woods
i. __are easily recognized because of their __
1. The small, __ are whorled at the nodes
- horsetails
- Horsetails
- conspicuously jointed stems and rough texture
- scaleliek leaves
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a. When present, branches arise __at the nodes and alternate with the leaves
i. The __ are __, and the ribs are tough and strengthened with __ in the epidermal cells
- laterally
- internodes are ribbed
- siliceous deposits
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1. Has __, which arise from __ , and, although the plants may die back during unfavorable seasons, the rhizomes are __
a. The __ is complex anatomically
i. At maturity, its internodes contain a __surrounded by a ring of smaller canals called __
ii. Each of these smaller canals is associated with a strand of __ and __
- aerial stems
- branching underground rhizomes
- perennial
- aerial stem
- hollow pith
- carinal canals
- xylem and phloem
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i. Sporangia are borne in groups of five to ten along the margins of small, umbrella-like structures known as __, which are clustered into __ at the __
1. The fertile stems of some species do not contain much __
a. In these species, the fertile stems are distinct from the __, often appearing before the latter early in the spring
- sporangiophores
- strobili (cones)
- apex of the stem
- chlorophyll
- vegetative stems
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1. When the spores are mature, what do they do?
a. __—thickened bands that arise from the outer layer of the spore wall-coil when moist and uncoil when dry, playing a role in spore dispersal
i. These are different __than those in Marcantia that help with __ (Marcantia has elaters with elongated cells and helically arranged wall thickenings)
- the sporangia contract and spit along their inner surface, releasing numerous spores
- Elaters
- elaters
- spore dispersal
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i. Gametophytes are __and __in Equisetum and they range in diameter from a few millimeters to 1 centimerter or even 3 to 3.5 centimeters in some species
1. Gametophytes become established mainly on mud that has recently been flooded and is rich in nutrients
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a. The gametophytes, which reach sexual maturity in three to five weeks, are either __
i. In bisexual gametophtes, the __develop before the __, a developmental pattern that increases the probability of __
ii. The sperm are __and require water to swim to the eggs
iii. The eggs of several archegonia on a single gametophyte may be __and develop into __, or __
- bisexual or male
- archegonia
- antheridia
- cross-fertilization
- multiflagelated
- fertilized
- embryos
- young sporophytes
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