T or F, waist circ correlates with abd fat and is an ind predictor of disease?
T
Is android (central) or gynecoid (peripheral) obesity associated with increased incidence of CV disease?
Why?
Android
increased O2 consumption vs. gynecoid fat is less metabolically active
Describe android vs. gynecoid body fat dist
Android- fat is central, truncal fat
Gynecoid- fat is on hips, but, and thighs
What resp issues are obese pts prone to?
OSA
PH
asthma
obesity hypoventilation syndrome
What GI issues are obese pts prone to?
GERD
Hernias
Gallbladder disease
Colon cancer
Non-alc fatty liver disease
What heme issues are obese pts prone to?
Polycythemia
Hypercoag
What GU / Reproductive issues are obese pts prone to?
ESRD
Macrosomia- large BW infant
Menorrhagia
Pre-eclampsia / eclampsia
prostate ca
urinary inc
Respiratory effects of obesity
-WOB
-resp muscles
-FRC and ERV
increased WOB
inefficient resp muscles
decreased FRC and ERV
Results of resp issues associated with obesity
V/Q mismatch esp. in supine position
Why is pulmonary compliance decreased in the obese pt? How does it affect VC, FRC, and TLC
Excess thoracic and abd fat leads to decreased chest wall and lung compliance
All are decreased
What is the primary cause of reduced FRC in the obese pt?
Reduced ERV
What is ERV?
Expiratory reserve volume
FRC minus RV
Effects of reduced FRC
small airway closure
V/Q mismatch
R to L shunting
arterial hypoxemia
How does anesthesia affect FRC in an obese pt vs. a non obese pt?
FRC reduced up to 50% in an obese pt vs. only 20% in non obese pt
What BMI is considered obese?
> = to 30 kg / m2
What BMI is considered normal weight
18.5 - 24.9 kg / m2
What is the most sensitive indicator of the effect of obesity on pulmonary function?
ERV
T or F, OSA/ OSH has no effect on chronic inflammation?
F, cycles of hypoxia and reoxygenation activate the SNS causes elevated levels of pro inflammatory cytokines and oxidative stress of endothelium which increases systemic inflammation
SE r/t OSA
HTN
Secondary polycythemia (due to hypoxemia)
LVH
Arrythmias
Increased risk cerebral vascular disease
PH
What is Pickwickian syndrome?
AKA obesity hypoventilation syndrome
May result from LT OSA
leptin rx may play a role
most common in older pts and the super obese
Leptin
regulates food intake and body weight
SE r/t Obesity hypoventilation syndrome
Hypersomnulence
Polycythemia
Hypoxia and hypercarbia
PH
RV enlargement and failure
Hypervolemia
How are OSA and OHS differentiated?
OSA complete obstruction, lasts 10 secs or longer, occurs 5x or more / hr
OHS partial obstruction, lasts 10 secs or longer, occurs 15x or more / hr
both have a decrease in O2 sat of at least 4%
How are CO and total blood volume affected by obesity?
Both increased
up to 20-30 ml / kg of excess body fat
What type of ventricular hypertrophy is typically seen in obese pts?
Eccentric (increased volume)
T or F, an obese pt with a normal BP also has normal CO?
F, CO is still increased
How are pre-load, after load, PA pressures, and stroke work affected in obesity?
Increased
Why do obese pts have hypertrophy, decreased compliance, diastolic dysfunction, and pulmonary edema?
Increased SV and ventricular dilation causes increased LV wall stress
Why do obese pts have increased total blood volume?
Perfusion of excess fat
Polycythemia of chronic hypoxia
Is diastolic or systolic HF more common in obese pts?
Diastolic
Are the cardiac changes and associated affect on function that occur with obesity reversible with weight loss?
Yes many are
How are gastric volume and acidity affected in obesity? Why?
Increased gastric volume, >25 ml
increased acidity, <2.5
Due to delayed gastric emptying 2/2 increased abd mass which causes astral distention, gastrin release, and decreased pH
How are the clearance of hepatically cleared drugs affected by obesity?
No change even though liver function is altered
S/sx of non-alcoholic steatohepatitis (fatty liver disease)
Elevated LFTs
Hepatomegaly
Abn liver histology
Glucose tolerance in the obese pt
Impaired, leads to DM2
Hyperinsulinemia activates SNS leading to Na retention, ins rx, and dyslipidemia
T or F, subclinical hypothyroidism seen in up to 25% of obese pts?
T
Does metabolic syndrome affect more men or women?
Men
Metabolic syndrome puts pts at risk for?
CAD
DM2 and atherosclerotic disease
all around mortality
Features of metabolic syndrome
Abd obesity
Hyperinsulinemia
Insulin rx
HTN
Decreased HDL
Proinflammatory state
Procoag state
Endothelial dysfunction
Polycystic ovary syndrome
Hypoandrogenism
Non -alc fatty liver disease
Hyperuricemia
What are the clinical criteria for diagnosis of metabolic syndrome?
At least 3 of the following:
abd obesity (> 102 cm for men and > 80 cm in women)
elevated fasting glucose (> 110)
HTN (>= 130-85)
Low HDL (< 40 for men and <50 in women)
High triglycerides (>= 150)
What change in the renal system may lead to increased drug clearance?
Increased GFR and renal blood flow
What effect does activation of SNS and RAAS and compression of the kidneys have?
Increased tubular reabsorption
Impaired natriuresis
RNY procedure
developed in early 90's
combined gastric restriction to limit food intake and some malabsorption of the small intestines
minimal complications compared to prior methods
Gastric sleeve
reduces stomach size only, by about 2/3's
restrictive procedure
Biliopancreatic diversion
restriction and malabsorption
intestine is bypassed to a greater extent than in RNY
greater weight loss but also higher complications
Cons of RNY
Malabsorption leading to vit deficiencies (B12)
Decreased Calcium abs may lead to osteoporosis
Risk anastomotic leaks
Dumping syndrome
What is ghrelin?
Appetite stimulant
Reduced with both RNY and sleeve gastrectomy
Pros of RNY
sustained wt loss
decreased ghrelin secretion
potential reversal of DM, HTN, non-alc fatty liver, OSA, cardiac dysfunction, GERD, arthritis, infertility, stress inc
Early complications of bariatric surgeries
Bleeding
infection
dehydration
peritonitis
bowel obstruction
perforation
PNA
DVT / PE
death!
Late complications of bariatric surgeries
cholecystitis or cholelithiasis
pouch dilation
GERD / dysphagia
incisional hernia
malnutrition
vitamin deficiencies
Contraind to bariatric surgery
Chronic alcohol or drug dependence
Uncontrolled severe psych illness
cardiopulm disease that would prohibit the surgery
T or F, BMI >= 50 and cig smoking are associated with greater rate of complications?
T
Super obese pts have an associated increased LOS and mortality from bariatric surgery, T or F?
F, no increase in mortality
There IS an increased LOS and increased risk RF and assisted ventilation
Is OSA assessment by polysomnography required for pts undergoing bariatric surgery?
NO
What criteria are evaluated with the stop bang score?
Snoring
Tired
Observed apnea
Pressure (HTN)
BMI > 35
Age > 50
Neck circ > 15.75 "
Gender- male
What stop bang score = high risk for OSA?
>= 3 yes answers
T or F, wt and BMI correlate with difficult intubation?
F
What pre-op meds are given for pts undergoing bariatric surgery?
5000 U SQ heparin
scop patch (if not contraind), want to avoid PONV
if anxiolytic is given ensure supplemental O2 and pulse ox are used!!
Prop and succ are dosed on ____?
TBW
Induction dose prop, etomidate, fent, and remi are dosed on _____?
LBW
Vec, roc, benzos, and barbs are dosed on _____?
IBW- but not really done in practice...
dexmedetominine MOA
alpha 2 agonist
sedative, analgesic, sympatholytic, and anxiolytic effects
benefits of using dexmedetominine
reduces requirement for volatiles, sedatives, and analgesics
