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The flashcards below were created by user
anatomy12
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herniated nucleus pulposus
- the soft inner part nucelus pulposus of an intervertebral disk protrudes through the fibrous cartilage outer layer (annulus fibrosus) into the spinal canal, it can press on the spinal cord or nerves that cause pain and numbing on the extremities
- narrowing of disk space between vertebra and protrusion of disk into spinal canal on ct or mr
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osteoarthritis
degeneration of cartilage and formation of osteophytes
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osteoporosis
bone density mineral loss
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scheuermanns disease
mild kyphosis and or scoliosis most commonly involved with the thoracic curve
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spondylitis ankylosing
what does it cause or form
- systematic illness of unknown origin that involves the spine and larger joints, cause stiffening that is caused from inflammation of the sacroiliac joints, intervertebral disks and costovertebral
- calcification with ossification (formation of bony ridges between vertebrae creating stiffness and lack of joint mobility
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spondylosis
decreased intervertebral joint space foraminal stenosis
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transitional vertebra
bony projections outgrowth extended laterally from transverse process
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spondylitis
inflammation of the vertebrae
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what projection is used to rule out whiplash type injuries
what is the sid
- lateral positions hyperflexion and hyperextension
- 72 in
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where is the cr lateral positions hyperflexion and hyperextension
what is the position of the shoulders in each exam
- c4 upper margin of thyroid cartilage
- relax and depress shoulders down as far as possible
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how much hyper flexion is needed for this lat position
how much hyper etension is needed
what is the breathing for these two exams
- until chin touches the chest or as far as patient can go
- raise chin and tilt head back as much as possible without moving bacakward
- suspend respiration on full expiration
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what position is used to view the dens if not clearly viewed in an ap open mouth
what is the breathing for these exams
- ap or pa fuchs and judd method c1 and c2
- suspend respiration
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in the ap fuchs method where is the cr
what structure is perp to tabletop
what is mml
- cr parallel to mml directed to inferior tip of the mandible
- elevate chin to bring the mml near perp to tabletop
- mentomeatal line (tip of chin to the ear opening should be clost to perp to tabletop )
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what structure is the dens visualized in the ap or pa judd and fuchs method
foramen magnum
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in the pa judd method the patient is supine or prone
where is the cr and position of the chin
- prone
- cr is parallel to mml through the midoccipital bone abt 1 in inferosuperior to mastoid tip and angles of mandible
- the chin is resting on tabletop but slightly extended to brin mml near perp to table (may adjust cr)
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the ap wagging jaw is also known as
otonello method
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where is the cr position of the structures for otonello method
what is instructions for this
what is the breathing
- c4 at upper thyroid cartilage so upper incisor line is in a horizontal plane with the mastoid tips
- after centering patient correctly the pt must move the lower mandible in a continous motion without moving the head or teeth coming into contact
- suspend respiration
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for an ap axial projection vertebral arch (pillars) cspine where is cr and what is the angle
what is the breathing and position of the neck
- cr at c5 lower margin of thyroid cartilage (a bit below the adams apple)
- 20-30 caudad angle
- suspend respiration neck should be hyperextended if patient condition allows
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facets unilateral subluxation and bilateral locks
- happens when a zyga joint is out of alignment with unilateral sublaxation the vertebral body looks like bowtie on a lateral position of the spine
- bilateral:
- caused by extreme flexion and distraction both left and right zyga joints on the same level can be disrupted creating bilateral locked facets
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in the pa judd method the the cr is perpendicular or parallel to the mml
perpendicular to mml and table with patients chin down tucked
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in ap fuchs method the the mml and cr are prallel or perp to each other
do you angle the tube
the cr is angled to the line of the mml so they are parallel to each other
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in a swimmers projection where is the cr
what is this method called
- is at t1 an inch above jug notch
- twinning method
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