PSYC 106 Midterm 1 Terms E-M

• = Exiting
• Information LEAVING the cell to another (away from a structure

The mesolimbic pathway transmits dopamine from the ventral tegmental area (VTA) to the limbic system via the nucleus accumbens. The VTA is located in the midbrain, and the nucleus accumbens is in the ventral striatum

The difference in electrical charges between the inside & outside of the cell

• Excitatory Post-Synaptic Potential
• DEPOLARIZING
• LESS NEGATIVE (= more positive)
• If POSTsynaptic cell opens SODIUM channels, + charge, cell less negative, more +
• 

• Most anterior part of the brain; consists of 2 cerebral hemispheres
• Receives sensory info contralaterally
• Outer portion is cerebral cortex
• Includes:
• 4 Lobes,
• Thalamus
• Hypothalamus
• Basal ganglia (movement)
• Hippocampus
• Limbic system (interlinked structures)
• 

• Type of neuron in the retina that receives input from the bipolar cells
• ALSO a cluster of neuron cell bodies OUTSIDE the CNS (except Basal Ganglia, which are INSIDE)

• "Glue"
• Support/Structure
• Make CSF
• 10x as many as neurons! ~90% brain cells!
• In the nervous system that, does NOT conduct impulses over long distances
• Types:
• Astrocytes (help synchronize activity of axons)
• Microglia (small, remove waste, viruses, fungi)
• Oligodendrocytes & Schwann (build myelin sheaths)
• Radial glia (guide migration during embryonic dev)

• Parts of nervous system packed with CELL BODIES & DENDRITES
• Brain: Grey on OUTSIDE, white on inside
• Spinal cord: Grey on INSIDE, white on outside

A protuberance on the surface of the brain

Row or layer of cell bodies separated from other cell bodies by a layer of axons & dendrites

Set of axons within the CNS, aka projection. If axons extend from cell bodies in structure A to synapses onto B, we say they "project" from A to B

A fold or groove that separates on e gyrus from another

A long, deep sulus (fold/groove separating gyri)

• Posterior part of brain
• Brainstem
• Includes:
• Medulla (controls breathing, heart rate, etc)
• through Cranial Nerves (control sensations from the head, muscle movements)
• Pons ("bridge" crossing axons from brain to spinal cord to opposing sides)

• "seahorse"
• MEMORY - esp individual events
• damage = problem storying new memories (50 first dates)

• THERMOSTAT
• Connections to rest of brain
• Hormones - conveys messages to pituitary gland, altering its release of hormones
• Motivated behaviors:
• Feeding, drinking, temperature regulation, sexual behavior, fighting, activity level

Below/Above

• aka "Intrinsic neuron"
• Neuron whose axons & dendrites are all confined within a given structure
• The "EVERY OTHER" neuron that's not sensory & motor
• MOST OF THEM.
• ex interneuron of thalamus has axon & all dendrites within the thalamus

• "Water head"
• But it's not water..it's CSF (Cerebral Spinal Fluid)
• Block of normal flow/ absorption

• Located in TEMPORAL LOBE
• Used in language COMPREHENSION
• Located in dominant (usually LEFT) hemisphere

• "The Emotional Brain"
• Mammillary body: linked to memory and alcoholism
• Amygdala: emotion and fear
• Hippocampus: spatial learning
• Septum: aggression

Sensory processing, spatial orientation

• Colliculus = "mound"
• Inferior colliculus: the principal midbrain nucleus of the auditory pathway
• Superior colliculus: a paired structure that forms a major component of the vertebrate midbrain
• Collicular arteries: which supply portions of the midbrain

• AP jumps
• between insulated nodes

Chemical that binds to another

• Channels that open when an NT attaches to them
• Ionotropic effect.

• Presynaptic Antagonist
• Blocks opiate mu receptors
• Anti-narcotic
• Treats heroin/opiate overdose
• Replaces heroin that binds to receptors, dillutes, replaces it

• L-Dopa
• ANYTHING THAT PROLONGS ACTIVITY
• Prozac blocks seretonin reuptake
• Cocaine blocks reuptake of DA & NE
• AcHe inhibitors - inhibit enzyme that inhibits acetycholine

• Apomorphine** (binds to D2 receptor, acts like DA)
• Heroin (stimulates mu - opiate receptors)
• Benzos (causes GABA increase)

Apomorphine** (Prefers PRE than POST receptor, LITTLE- binds & turns DOWN DA. A LOT - turns OFF DA, ACTS LIKE DA) Different affects depending on amount

• Bicuculline (blocks GABA receptors)
• Naloxone (Anti narcotic)

• Controls EVERY muscle
• Chemical. Similar to an amino acid.